Showing posts with label surveillance. Show all posts
Showing posts with label surveillance. Show all posts

Friday, June 19, 2026

Surveilling the Pseudonymous


Is your bank keeping your secrets? New study says 'It's complicated'
Oct 2025, phys.org

The researchers analyzed privacy policies from more than 2,000 of the nation's largest banks and found a maze of contradictory, confusing, and overlapping disclosures about how customer information is collected, used, and shared. Nearly half of the banks examined published multiple privacy policies - often with inconsistent statements that make it hard for consumers to know what really happens to their data.

"In many cases, banks claimed they don't share customer data with outside parties in a federally required U.S. Consumer Privacy Notice, yet disclosed such sharing elsewhere or deployed marketing tracking cookies without acknowledgment"

FYI - The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act is a federal law requiring financial institutions to tell customers in a concise two-page notice how they share personal information and safeguard it.

via University of Michigan: Lu Xian et al, Layered, Overlapping, and Inconsistent: A Large-Scale Analysis of the Multiple Privacy Policies and Controls of U.S. Banks, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2507.05415



Facebook to stop targeting ads at UK woman after legal fight
Mar 2025, BBC News

Public Service Announcement - this woman does not live in the United States, so don't get any ideas; this is based on GDPR which is a UK thing.

Facebook has agreed to stop targeting adverts at an individual user using personal data after she filed a lawsuit against its parent company, tech giant Meta. ... a "gateway" for other people wanting to stop the social media company from serving them adverts based on their demographics and interests.

"I knew that this kind of predatory, invasive advertising is actually something that we all have a legal right to object to."

It was when she found out she was pregnant in 2017 that she realised the extent to which Facebook was targeting adverts at her. She said the adverts she got "suddenly started changing within weeks to lots of baby photos and other things - ads about babies and pregnancy and motherhood". "I just found it unnerving - this was before I'd even told people in my private life, and yet Facebook had already determined that I was pregnant," she continued.

(This goes back to stories about Target from way earlier, 2011 even.)

Ms O'Carroll said that Meta had agreed to stop using her personal data for direct marketing purposes. She said that she did not want to stop using Facebook, saying that it is "filled with all of those connections and family and friends, and entire chapters of my life".


Facebook and Instagram have a subscription service in most of Europe, where users can pay monthly so that they don't get ads on the platform.


How AI could end online anonymity
Mar 2026, phys.org

First, the AI reads through a user's post history on either Reddit or Hacker News, examining unstructured text. This is raw, unorganized information like comments, jokes, education, and subtle writing quirks. It then turned this micro-data into a mathematical representation of the person's profile to find candidate matches across millions of other profiles on the open web or on separate sites like LinkedIn.

They successfully linked accounts with up to 67% accuracy at 90% precision, costing only $1 to $4 in computing power per account successfully linked.

"Pseudonymity does not provide meaningful protection online. Users who post under persistent usernames should assume that adversaries can link their accounts to real identities or to each other, and that the probability rises with each piece of micro-data they post."

via ETH Zurich: Simon Lermen et al, Large-scale online deanonymization with LLMs, arXiv (2026). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2602.16800


Your car's tire sensors could be used to track you
Feb 2026, phys.org 

From the article itself: Although not providing the exact location of the tire or the car, researchers have discovered that most TPMS sensors transmit a unique identifier in clear text that never changes during the lifetime of the tire. ... malicious actors could easily scale their efforts to track several thousands of cars, given that we observed at least 20k cars during our measurements. Our results show that TPMS transmissions can be used to systematically infer potentially sensitive information such as the presence, type, weight, or driving pattern of the driver.

via IMDEA Networks Institute: Can't Hide Your Stride: Inferring Car Movement Patterns from Passive TPMS Measurements [pdf]

Further Reading, because we already knew about this back in 2007:
  • I. Rouf, R. Miller, H. Mustafa, T. Taylor, S. Oh, W. Xu, M. Gruteser, W. Trappe, I. Seskar, Security and privacy vulnerabilities of in-car wireless networks: A tire pressure monitoring system case study, in: 19th USENIX Security Symposium, USENIX Association, Washington, DC, USA, 2010, pp. 323–338.
  • S. Velupillai, L. Guvenc, Tire pressure monitoring [applications of control], IEEE Control systems magazine 27 (6) (2007) 22–25.
  • FCC, OET List Exhibits Report ID: MRXFG2R4MA (2011). 

Public Service Announcement: Can you spot the difference between these two urls?



^Anytime you see "%20" in a url, it's probably a mistake; it's what happens when you paste a truncated url (where either you or your smart-auto-assistant put a line break in the middle because it was too long) and then you go and paste that url, with the line breaks, into the search bar; anywhere there's a line break, the computer puts %20's instead. Take them out and it still works. 


Post Script on Anti Surveillance:
Graffiti framework lets people personalize online social spaces while staying connected with others
Oct 2025, phys.org

It's an app called Graffiti (I hate all these names being such generic terms that could be referring to something else; like why would you call your company Company, or your restaurant Breakfast?) - the app makes building personalized social applications easier, while allowing users to migrate between multiple applications without losing their friends or data. ... the purpose is to lower the barrier to creating personalized social applications and to enable those personalized applications to interoperate without requiring permission from developers.

The open, interoperable nature of Graffiti means no one entity has the power to set a moderation policy for the entire platform.

"The system lets each person pick their own moderators, avoiding the one-sized-fits-all approach to moderation taken by the major social platforms"

To avoid context collapse (your Tindr profile showing up on LinkedIn), the researchers designed Graffiti so all content is organized into distinct channels. Channels are flexible and can represent a variety of contexts, such as people, applications, locations, etc.

via MIT CSAIL Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory: Theia Henderson et al, Graffiti: Enabling an Ecosystem of Personalized and Interoperable Social Applications, Proceedings of the 38th Annual ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (2025). DOI: 10.1145/3746059.3747627

Friday, February 7, 2025

Post Consumer Product Phishing



A reversal of sorts, where the market used to have people who made things and people who bought things, but now it's just people taking things from other people, who get nothing in return.

The consumer became the product. Because let's face it, all DNA-testing sites are really just Ancestry dot com, which was based on early 20th century surveillance, similar to the very expensive advertising lists compiled from reams of public and non-public personal data. Think churches, governments and community organizations holding marriage certificates, military records, or payment accounting books. The DNA part was just like hanging a Store Closing All Items Half Price sign in the window. 

Granted, there are a few easy genes to tell you otherwise really obvious things about yourself. Are you Asian? That's ABCC11, called the 'no body odor' gene. I had no idea I was Asian until now actually, thank you DNA company. There'a another one for people of African origin, something related to sickle cell anemia and diabetes, called the HBB mutation.

Here's a better explanation:
"To understand the ancestry tests, you have to begin by looking at the fine print. This [type of test] says 'for recreational purposes only' or something very similar. It obviously is written by lawyers, not scientists, and it's a way of saying that the results have no scientific or legal standing. This is privatized, corporate science, not ordinary science. "How do they come up with numbers? They take DNA from people from disparate regions and compare yours to theirs. The numbers reflect a measure of your DNA similarity to those of the divergent gene pools. How do they calculate it? Don't know; the algorithms are protected intellectual property. Are they accurate? About as accurate as looking in the mirror."
--NPR, Why You Should Think Twice About Those DNA-By-Mail Results, 2017 [link]

It's not that the DNA-ancestry companies don't work at all, just that they work far, far less than they would have us believe (kind of like smart shoelaces or AI handlebars).  

In other words, when you give your DNA to a company for the purposes of discovering your ancestry, they're getting more usable information about you than you are about yourself. And then things like this happen:
 
DNA-testing site 23andMe fights for survival
Nov 2024, BBC News

"Until we ban the trade in personal data, we are not well protected enough."
-Carissa Velez, author of Privacy is Power


Something to consider - the Chan Zuckerberg Foundation has the Tabula Sapiens atlas of human tissue. (2022) [link]


I gave my DNA to tracking company - then it vanished
Nov 2024, BBC News

A DNA-testing firm appears to have ceased trading - without telling its customers what has happened to the highly sensitive data they shared with it.

Atlas Biomed, which has offices in London, offered to provide insights into people's genetic make up as well as their predisposition to certain illnesses.

However, users are no longer able to access their personalised reports online and the company has not responded to the BBC's requests for comment.

Customers of the firm describe the situation as "very alarming" and say they want answers about what has happened to their "most personal information".

This next article seems different, but it's actually the same:

Smart gadgets’ failure to commit to software support could be illegal, FTC warns
Nov 2024, Ars Technica

Makers of smart devices that fail to disclose how long they will support their products with software updates may be breaking the Magnuson Moss Warranty Act, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) warned this week.

The FTC released its statement after examining 184 smart products across 64 product categories, including soundbars, video doorbells, breast pumps, smartphones, home appliances, and garage door opener controllers. Among devices researched, the majority—or 163 to be precise—"did not disclose the connected device support duration or end date" on their product webpage, per the FTC's report [PDF]. Contrastingly, 11.4 percent of devices examined shared a software support duration or end date on their product page.

Post Script on quality in the post-consumer era:
Majority of clothes being donated are exported or discarded: Study calls for city fashion waste shakeup
Nov 2024, phys.org

Charities and collectors have been reporting the plummeting quality of garments over the past 15 to 20 years, decreasing resale potential

Further Reading: Privacy is Power: Why and How You Should Take Back Control of Your Data, 2022

Saturday, February 1, 2025

Artificial Omnipotence


But it's a good idea to allow third-party servicers of municipal parking payment applications to store our license plates in their probably completely unsecured databases:

Flaw in Kia’s web portal let researchers track, hack cars
Sep 2024, Ars Technica from Wired

They were able to scan virtually any Internet-connected Kia vehicle’s license plate and within seconds gain the ability to track that car’s location, unlock the car, honk its horn, or start its ignition at will.

Post Script: The Kia-hacking research group first began to assemble in late 2022 when they accidentally triggered rental scooters across their collge campus to honk and flash their lights for 15 minutes. At that point, the group “became super interested in trying more ways to make more things honk.

Thursday, January 23, 2025

Eyeballs and Things


Get your eyeballs ready, they have competition:

Eyes of tomorrow: Smart contact lenses lead the way for human-machine interaction
May 2024, phys.org

They put RFID tags in the contact lens and that's it, like the reverse Wii remote DIY smartboard projector circa 2011.

via College of Engineering and Applied Sciences at Nanjing University: Hengtian Zhu et al, Frequency-encoded eye tracking smart contact lens for human–machine interaction, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47851-y



New flexible film detects eyelash proximity in blink-tracking glasses
May 2024, phys.org

They are seeing with static electricity: "Non contact sensor" - can identify or measure an object without directly touching it, like infrared thermometers and vehicle proximity notification systems, using static electricity via fluorinated ethylene propylene which produces an external electrostatic field that can "see" objects without physical contact.

via Shanghai Key Laboratory for Intelligent Sensing and Detection Technology at East China University of Science and Technology: Facile Electret-Based Self-Powered Soft Sensor for Noncontact Positioning and Information Translation, ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces (2024). DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c02741


AI headphones let wearer listen to a single person in a crowd by looking at them just once
May 2024, phys.org

"Target Speech Hearing" - wear the headphones and look at a person speaking for three to five seconds to "enroll" them. The system then cancels all other sounds in the environment and plays just the enrolled speaker's voice in real time. The sound waves from the speaker's voice reach the microphones on both sides of the headset simultaneously, and that's how works.

via University of Washington: Bandhav Veluri et al, Look Once to Hear: Target Speech Hearing with Noisy Examples, Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2024). DOI: 10.1145/3613904.3642057 , dl.acm.org/doi/10.1145/3613904.3642057


Cutting-edge vision chip brings human eye-like perception to machines
Jun 2024, phys.org

This approach decomposes visual information into primitive-based visual representations. By combining these primitives, it mimics the features of the human visual system. (The "Tianmouc chip" achieves high-speed visual information acquisition at 10,000 frames per second, 10-bit precision, and a high dynamic range of 130 dB, all while reducing bandwidth by 90% and maintaining low power consumption.) 

via Tsinghua University Center for Brain Inspired Computing Research: Zheyu Yang et al, A vision chip with complementary pathways for open-world sensing, Nature (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07358-4


You're just a stick figure to this camera - a new camera to prevent companies from collecting private information
Jul 2024, phys.org

PrivacyLens uses both a standard video camera and a heat-sensing camera to spot people in images from their body temperature. The person's likeness is then completely replaced by a generic stick figure, allowing the camera to function without revealing the identity of the person.

via University of Michigan: Yasha Iravantchi et al, PrivacyLens: On-Device PII Removal from RGB Images using Thermally-Enhanced Sensing, Proceedings on Privacy Enhancing Technologies (2024). DOI: 10.56553/popets-2024-0146


Ultra-high speed camera for molecules: Attosecond spectroscopy captures electron transfer dynamics
Sep 2024, phys.org

Ultrashort ultraviolet pulses from high-order harmonic sources or free electron laser facilities stand as powerful tools for initiating and observing the response of molecules to photoionization, on timescales ranging from the femtosecond (10-15 seconds) down to the attosecond (10-18 seconds). 

via Madrid Institute for Advanced Studies in Nanoscience, Autonomous University and Complutense University of Madrid: Federico Vismarra et al. Few-femtosecond electron transfer dynamics in photoionized donor–π–acceptor molecules. Nature Chemistry (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41557-024-01620-y 

Friday, December 20, 2024

Inside the World of the LSD User


The spread of misinformation varies by topic and by country in Europe, study finds
May 2024, phys.org

Researchers analyzed news activity on Twitter (now X) in France, Germany, Italy and the UK from 2019 to 2021, including a focus on news about Brexit, the coronavirus, and the COVID vaccines. Each news source they analyzed was rated as either "reliable" or "questionable" based upon their NewsGuard score.
  • Across all four countries, the vast majority of users only ever consumed reliable news sources on each of the three topics.
  • But in every country and in each topic, there was always a small percentage of users who only ever consumed questionable news sources - with very few people consuming a mix of both reliable and questionable sources.
  • Germany had the highest ratio of questionable news retweets to reliable news retweets on all three topics, with France in second, followed by Italy, and the UK had the lowest proportion of questionable news retweets overall.
  • Italy had the lowest proportion of questionable news retweets for the topic of the coronavirus - but had the highest percentage of people consuming only questionable news sources on Brexit.

"Cultural nuances" will be important when it comes to fighting misinformation.

via Ca' Foscari University of Venice: News and misinformation consumption: A temporal comparison across European countries, PLoS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302473

Image credit: 3D printed vacuum system traps dark matter - University of Nottingham - Jun 2024


Study finds avoiding social media before an election has little to no effect on people's political views
May 2024, phys.org

35,000 Facebook and Instagram users who were paid to stay off the platforms in the run-up to Election Day.

I'm thinking about the overall social influence, like if you're not online but your friends are, it's all the same. So if they did this study by taking only the friends of the people chosen, then we would see an effect? (Friendship Paradox)

via Stanford: Gentzkow, Matthew, The effects of Facebook and Instagram on the 2020 election: A deactivation experiment, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2024). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2321584121.


Mental disorders may spread in young people's social networks
May 2024, phys.org

Contagion - 700,000 ninth-grade pupils born between 1985 and 1997 from 860 Finnish schools followed for 11 years (largest and most comprehensive so far on the spread of mental disorders in social networks).

The number of classmates diagnosed with a mental disorder was associated with a higher risk of receiving a mental disorder diagnosis later in life.

The connection observed in the study is not necessarily causal. "It may be possible, for instance, that the threshold for seeking help for mental health issues is lowered when there are one or more people in your social network who have already sought help for their problems" (beneficial contagion).

via University of Helsinki: Jussi Alho et al, Transmission of Mental Disorders in Adolescent Peer Networks, JAMA Psychiatry (2024). DOI: 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.1126

Dual-species Rydberg array combining rubidium and cesium atoms to enhance quantum computing - BernienLab at University of Chicago - Oct 2024 [link]

Study suggests less conformity leads to more innovation
May 2024, phys.org

These methods reveal something crazy - how easy it could be to manipulate a big part of a population just by doing some very small adjustments to the recommendation algorithms, and the idea of synthetic networks cycling through the real networks as a kind of social regulator.

  • The Matthew effect aka "rich-get-richer effect" increases centralization in the network, which destroys the niches protecting minority opinions, reducing sociodiversity.
  • "Networks that promote sociodiversity have structural features that protect minority opinions"
  • "Unfollowing a few VIPs can help to promote sociodiversity"

via Complexity Science Hub and ETH Zurich: Andrea Musso et al, How networks shape diversity for better or worse, Royal Society Open Science (2024). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.230505


Misleading COVID-19 headlines from mainstream sources did more harm on Facebook than fake news
May 2024, phys.org

They showed thousands of survey participants the headlines from 130 vaccine-related stories - including both mainstream content and known misinformation - and tested how those headlines impacted their intentions to get vaccinated against COVID-19. Researchers also asked a separate group of respondents to rate the headlines across various attributes, including plausibility and political leaning. They matched that against 13,206 vaccine-related URLs and the number of users who viewed each.
  • Misleading content from mainstream news sources - rather than outright misinformation or "fake news" - was the primary driver of vaccine hesitancy on Facebook.
  • "Vaccine-skeptical" content was potentially misleading but not flagged as misinformation by Facebook fact-checkers.
  • One factor reliably predicted impacts on vaccination intentions: the extent to which a headline suggested that the vaccine was harmful to a person's health.
  • The most-viewed was an article was from a well-regarded mainstream news source, and its clickbait" headline was highly suggestive and implied that the vaccine was likely responsible.
  • (That's significant since the vast majority of viewers on social media likely never click out to read past the headline.)
  • Contrary to popular perceptions, the researchers estimated that vaccine-skeptical content reduced vaccination intentions 46 times more than misinformation flagged by fact-checkers.
  • Even though flagged misinformation was more harmful when seen, it had relatively low reach.
  • Gray-area content is less harmful per exposure but is seen far more often, thus it's more impactful overall.
(Also, what does this mean about actual advertising metrics?)

via MIT Sloan School of Management: Jennifer Allen, Quantifying the impact of misinformation and vaccine-skeptical content on Facebook, Science (2024). DOI: 10.1126/science.adk3451.


Advertisers may be inadvertently funding misinformation
Jun 2024, phys.org

(I think we're starting to see a pattern here.)

5,000 websites (1,250 were misinformation websites); 42,000 unique advertisers; nine million instances of advertising companies appearing on news websites from 2019 to 2021. 

The companies advertising on misinformation websites accounted for anywhere from 46% to 82% of overall companies in their respective industries.

Companies that used digital advertisement platforms were 10 times more likely to appear on misinformation websites than those that did not.

Authors propose two low-cost, scalable interventions: 
  • Improve transparency for advertisers about where their ads appear 
  • Make it easier for consumers to identify which companies advertise on misinformation outlets through information disclosures and company rankings

via Carnegie Mellon University's Heinz College and Stanford: Wajeeha Ahmad et al, Companies inadvertently fund online misinformation despite consumer backlash, Nature (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07404-1

Entangling pairs of photons using 1.2 micrometer niobium oxide dichloride - Leevi Kallioniemi at Nanyang Technological University in Singapore - Oct 2024 [link]

Study suggests ambivalence and polarized views can promote political violence
Jun 2024, phys.org

Time to get confused! 

Previous research has shown that ambivalence about a political issue typically leads people to avoid taking moderate actions such as voting or donating money in support of that issue.

And that's why these findings for extreme behaviors surprised the researchers.

Here, researchers found that ambivalence can actually lead some people - especially those with polarized views - to be more supportive of extreme actions.

The reason? Ambivalence creates discomfort in those with extreme views by making them feel weak or insecure about their beliefs - and that can lead them to compensate.

"When people have these polarized views on a political topic, but also feel some conflict about that belief - that is really a potent combination."

"Those who are conflicted are more willing to give their money to extreme organizations."

"Those who have extreme views, but still feel conflicted about them, feel a need to prove themselves, to show that their beliefs are real and strong."

via Ohio State University: Joseph Siev, Ambivalent attitudes promote support for extreme political actions, Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn2965.

Monday, October 7, 2024

The Friend Network


Targeting friends to induce social contagion can benefit the world, says new research
May 2024, phys.org

The study evaluated a strategy that exploits the so-called "friendship paradox" of human social networks. That theory suggests that on average, your friends have more friends than you do. As the theory goes, the individuals nominated as friends potentially wield more social influence than those who identify them.

For the study, the researchers utilized the friendship paradox in the delivery of a proven 22-month education package promoting maternal, child, and neonatal health in 176 isolated villages in Honduras.

The researchers found that delivering the intervention to a smaller fraction of households in each village via the friendship targeting strategy led to the same level of behavioral adoption as would have been achieved by treating all the households.

People were either selected randomly within each village to receive the intervention or they were randomly chosen to nominate their friends, who were subsequently picked at random. 

"We found that targeting people's friends for an intervention induced significant social contagion, creating cascades of beneficial health practices to people who didn't receive the intervention." 

For many outcomes, using the friendship-nomination targeting method to reach 20% of households in a village affected outcomes the same as administering the intervention to every household.

Yes, Facebook knows this very well.

via Yale and Temple University: Edoardo M. Airoldi et al, Induction of social contagion for diverse outcomes in structured experiments in isolated villages, Science (2024). DOI: 10.1126/science.adi5147



Study shows relatively low number of superspreaders responsible for large portion of misinformation on Twitter
May 2024, phys.org

10 months of data; 2,397,388 tweets; 448,103 users; parsed by low-credibility information status.

A third of the low-credibility tweets had been posted by people using just 10 accounts, and just 1,000 accounts were responsible for posting approximately 70% of such tweets.

via Indiana University: Matthew R. DeVerna et al, Identifying and characterizing superspreaders of low-credibility content on Twitter, PLOS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0302201

Friday, August 2, 2024

Signs You May Have a Problem

Wait a second - are we really coming up with substance abuse treatments for cell phone usage? Like as if it was nicotine or heroin? If the healthier way to "use" a phone involves an override program that literally makes it more difficult to use, then I think we have a problem here. 

Managing screen time by making phones slightly more annoying to use
May 2024, phys.org

Once the user's designated screen limit has been reached, InteractOut can delay the phone's response to a user's gesture, shift where tapping motions are registered or slow the screen scrolling speed.

The strength of the delays and shifts continues to increase each time the user touches the phone, up to a pre-set maximum, and the user can decide how the app interferes with their phone use. The app's gradual interference allows users to continue using their phone, but with a little extra difficulty.

"If we just continuously add a little bit of friction to the interaction with the phone, eventually the user becomes more aware of what they are doing because there's a mismatch between what they expect to happen and what actually happens. That makes using smartphones a more deliberate process." 
via University of Michigan: Tao Lu et al, InteractOut: Leveraging Interaction Proxies as Input Manipulation Strategies for Reducing Smartphone Overuse, Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (2024). DOI: 10.1145/3613904.3642317

Image credit: I think this is an early generation of AI image generation, pre 2022 pre Stable Diffusion-era?


Companies may still buy consumer genetic information despite its modest predictive power
May 2024, phys.org

At-home DNA tests have provided millions with insights into their family history and health risk by simply spitting in a tube. Genetic risk screening of embryos at in vitro fertilization clinics is now available. These tests rely on polygenic scores—a tally of variations in human genes that influence a certain trait. However, while powerful at predicting traits in large populations, these scores are rather weak at an individual level.

"Firms operate under a lot of uncertainty and any little bit of information that they have about you is worthwhile."

Using an economic model, the researchers found that companies might be willing to pay because the information may raise profit and is relatively cheap.

The researchers argue that current laws and policies are inadequate to address the ethical, privacy, and legal concerns surrounding the potential corporate use of polygenic scores. While the US Genetic Information Nondiscrimination Act prohibits discrimination in health coverage and employment based on genetic information, there are loopholes. The act only covers health insurance, excluding long-term, disability, life, and other insurances. It also doesn't apply to employers with fewer than 15 people, which accounts for 85% of US companies.

"I don't think people realize that when they give up their genetic information today, they're not giving it up just for today; they're giving it up forever"

via Johns Hopkins University Geisinger College of Health Sciences: Potential Corporate Uses of Polygenic Indexes: Starting a Conversation about the Associated Ethics and Policy Issues, The American Journal of Human Genetics (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2024.03.010. 

Tuesday, July 9, 2024

Erosion of Privacy and the Dematerialization of the Consumer


The Omnopticon is rising, a million eyeballs in every corner of the Earth. And they're all looking at you, watching your every move, where you go, who you're with, what you're thinking about, and before you know it yourself. 

New research harnesses AI and satellite imagery to reveal the expanding footprint of human activity at sea
Jan 2024, phys.org

They synthesized GPS data with five years of radar and optical imagery to reveal that about 75% of the world's industrial fishing vessels are not publicly tracked, with much of that fishing taking place around Africa and South Asia. More than 25% of transport and energy vessel activity is also missing from public tracking systems.

via Global Fishing Watch, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Duke University, UC Santa Barbara, and SkyTruth: Fernando Paolo, Satellite mapping reveals extensive industrial activity at sea, Nature (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06825-8.

Image credit: An array of photomultiplier tubes mounted inside the steel tank of the Eos neutrino detector - Thor Swift Berkeley Lab - Mar 2024 [link]


A CPAP Machine Can Help Some Get Better Sleep But Insurers Don't Make It Easy
Nov 2018, NPR

In an email, a Blue Cross Blue Shield spokesperson said that it's standard practice for insurers to monitor sleep apnea patients and deny payment if they aren't using the machine. 


N.J. police officers’ personal information posted online by data brokers, lawsuit says
Feb 2024, nj.com

Plot twist?

To contrast an earlier incident in NJ where a college campus security officer used his access to private surveillance software to spy on students (which seems pretty impossible to find again using a basic search), this time, the email service provider for police and corrections officers leaked personal information to brokers who in turn sold it, so it was put on the web for the public to see, which includes criminals, and so it endangered an officer.


This tiny, tamper-proof ID tag can authenticate almost anything
Feb 2024, phys.org

Very smart anti-surveillance strategy

Cryptographic antitampering ID tag - They mix microscopic metal particles into the glue that sticks the tag to an object and then use terahertz waves to detect the unique pattern those particles form on the item's surface. Akin to a fingerprint, this random glue pattern is used to authenticate the item. (And this is to avoid a counterfeiter who could peel the tag off and reattach it to a fake.)

"These metal particles are essentially like mirrors for terahertz waves. If I spread a bunch of mirror pieces onto a surface and then shine a light on that, depending on the orientation, size, and location of those mirrors, I would get a different reflected pattern. But if you peel the chip off and reattach it, you destroy that pattern." 

via Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Ruonan Han et al, "A Packageless Anti-Tampering Tag Utilizing Unclonable Sub-THz Wave Scattering at the Chip-Item Interface," IEEE Solid State Circuits Conference (2024). www.isscc.org/


Keeping your data from Apple is harder than expected, finds study
Apr 2024, phys.org

The researchers studied eight apps: Safari, Siri, Family Sharing, iMessage, FaceTime, Location Services, Find My and Touch ID. They collected all publicly available privacy-related information on these apps, from technical documentation to privacy policies and user manuals.

The fragility of the privacy protections surprised even the researchers.

"Due to the way the user interface is designed, users don't know what is going on. For example, the user is given the option to enable or not enable Siri, Apple's virtual assistant. But enabling only refers to whether you use Siri's voice control. Siri collects data in the background from other apps you use, regardless of your choice, unless you understand how to go into the settings and specifically change that," says Lindqvist.

Participants weren't able to stop data sharing in any of the apps.

"The online instructions for restricting data access are very complex and confusing"

In the end the participants were able to take one or two steps in the right direction, but none succeeded in following the whole procedure to protect their privacy.

via Aalto University, from a paper for the 2024 CHI Conference: Privacy of Default Apps in Apple's Mobile Ecosystem, Lindqvist et al

Wednesday, March 8, 2023

Phantom Goalposts


‘Rain bursts’ over Sydney have intensified 40% over last two decades, research finds
Nov 2022, The Guardian

The rate of intensification was far greater than what was predicted with climate change.

“At first we thought it was a problem with the data,” he said.


New York City's greenery absorbs a surprising amount of its carbon emissions
Jan 2023, phys.org

On many summer days (but not winter), photosynthesis by trees and grasses absorbs all the carbon emissions produced by cars, trucks and buses, and then some.

Most previous studies have calculated carbon uptake of vegetation by looking mainly at contiguous tracts of forest and grassland, but these comprise only about 10 percent of the metro area. Using newly available aerial radar imagery of New York City that mapped vegetation in unprecedented 6-inch grids, Wei and her colleagues included developed areas—the other 90 percent of the region, left out in most models. 

In other words, just when you thought climate science was at the top of everyone's agenda, you realize we know very little about a whole lot. And in light of this recent discovery, it makes you wonder how much of the carbon gas problem is really from de-vegetated cities and towns? Not to cast doubt on the contribution of fossil fuels, but where would we be today if we had been more conservative about vegetation, trees in particular, when developing for example the sprawling supermetropolis that is the United States East Coast? Factor the much more local heat island effect, and consider the difference in overall quality of life we'd be getting out of our built environment. (But also remember that landowners in the suburbs like grass and not trees, and that poorly funded municipal public works departments find it easier to maintain a town with no vegetation at all.)

via Columbia University: Dandan Wei et al, High resolution modeling of vegetation reveals large summertime biogenic CO2 fluxes in New York City, Environmental Research Letters (2022). DOI: 10.1088/1748-9326/aca68f



Reducing steel corrosion is vital to combating climate change: Study
Jan 2023, phys.org

Global steel production has been rising steadily for decades—and because steel has poor resistance to corrosion (aka rust), part of that demand is to replace steel used in construction materials that have become corroded over time, in everything from bridges to automobiles. Reducing the amount of steel that needs to be replaced due to corrosion could have measurable effects on how much greenhouse gases are produced to make steel.

Using historical carbon dioxide intensity data to estimate carbon dioxide levels per year beginning from 1960, the researchers found that in 2021, steel production accounted for 27% of the carbon emissions of the global manufacturing sector, and about 10.5% of the total global carbon emissions worldwide. Corroded steel replacement accounted for about 1.6 to 3.4% of emissions.

Greenhouse gas emissions produced by the steel industry could reach about 27.5% of the world's total carbon emissions by 2030, with corroded steel representing about 4 to 9% of that number (is that 1 - 3% of the total?).

But there is some good news, the study noted. Due to regulations placed on the steel industry, technological advances in the steelmaking process have resulted in a 61% reduction in energy consumption over the last 50 years.

via The Ohio State University: M. Iannuzzi et al, The carbon footprint of steel corrosion, npj Materials Degradation (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41529-022-00318-1


Planting more trees could decrease deaths from higher summer temperatures in cities by a third, modeling study suggests
Feb 2023, phys.org

Of the 57 million inhabitants of 93 European cities circa 2015, 6,700 premature deaths could be attributed to hotter urban temperatures during the summer months, accounting for 4.3% of summer mortality and 1.8% of year-round mortality. One in three of these deaths (2,644 total) could have been prevented by increasing tree cover up to 30%, and therefore reducing temperatures. This corresponds to 39.5% of all deaths attributable to hotter urban temperatures, 1.8% of all summer deaths, and 0.4% of year-round deaths.

via Barcelona Institute for Global Health: Cooling cities through urban green infrastructure: a health impact assessment of European cities, The Lancet (2023).


GHGSat: Commercial satellite will see CO2 super-emitters
Jan 2023, BBC News

Almost feels like the future:

The world's first commercial satellite dedicated to monitoring carbon dioxide from orbit will launch later this year.

It will be put up by the Canadian company GHGSat, which already flies six spacecraft tracking methane emissions. The new platform will use the same shortwave infrared sensor but be tuned to CO2's specific light signature in the atmosphere. The satellite will have a resolution at ground level of 25m, meaning it will be able to see major individual sources. Others make large area maps; they're not set up to hone in on super-emitters at the scale of an individual industrial complex.

(We already know where they are in general, this will just help us confirm the individual emitter.)


Post Script:
Childhood trauma linked to civic environmental engagement, green behavior
Jan 2023, phys.org

Experiencing childhood trauma may lead an individual to volunteer, donate money or contact their elected officials about environmental issues later in life. 

In addition, those who traveled and had experiences in nature as children were also more likely to report engaging in private "green behavior" as adults, such as recycling, driving or flying less, and taking shorter showers.

via University of Colorado at Boulder: Urooj S. Raja et al, Childhood trauma and other formative life experiences predict environmental engagement, Scientific Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24517-7

Post Post Script:
Tax rebates for solar power ineffective for low-income Americans, but study finds a different incentive works
Nov 2022, phys.org

Machine-learning model "DeepSolar++" analyzed satellite images to identify where solar panels are and when they were installed in more than 400 counties across the United States, from 2006 through 2017, and then combined that data with information about each community's demographics as well as local financial incentives for solar power.

For low income groups, what works is performance incentives which reward customers based on how much solar they produce or how much less electricity they buy from the grid.

via Stanford: Zhecheng Wang et al, DeepSolar++: Understanding residential solar adoption trajectories with computer vision and technology diffusion models, Joule (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2022.09.011

Thursday, March 2, 2023

The Behavior Machine


New research on identity cues in social media shows it's not just what is said but who says it that matters
Nov 2022, phys.org

Carl Sagan was right. Know your source:

Identity effects in social media: 89-weeks, Reddit-like website, 6,400 viewer responses to 350,000 comments generated by 3,725 commenters. Each piece of content was randomly assigned to either an "anonymous" condition or "identified"

Findings:
  • Identity effects accounted for up to 61 percent of the variation in voting, meaning that over half of the variance in users' decisions to up-vote or down-vote content was explained by the presence or absence of identity cues.
  • The presence of identity cues also caused viewers to evaluate content faster, implying greater reliance on initial "knee-jerk" reactions and System I thinking rather than longer, deliberative, System II thinking.

Not Mentioned At All: Don't forget this is how large corporations brainwash us into thinking they have even a sliver of moral obligation; they flood the media with positive news, and spin negative news to be as favorable as possible, and are so persistent and pervasive in these efforts, that we assume they are "one of us" and "on our side", and therefore we can influence their behavior to be more aligned with our interests. 

via MIT Sloan School of Management: Sinan Aral, Identity effects in social media, Nature Human Behaviour (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01459-8


AI Art - Dark Conference Hall Half Occupied - 2022

And in other conspiratorial news:
Pre-pandemic conspiratorial mindset predicted hesitance to accept COVID-19 vaccine
Nov 2022, phys.org

People who evinced a conspiracy mentality in 2019, prior to the pandemic, were subsequently more likely to believe COVID-19 conspiracy theories, except for Republicans and those who relied on conservative media such as Fox News were more likely to accept conspiracy theories in 2021 than they had been in 2019. 

via Annenberg Public Policy Center at University of Pennsylvania: Daniel Romer et al, Conspiratorial thinking as a precursor to opposition to COVID-19 vaccination in the US: a multi-year study from 2018 to 2021, Scientific Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22014-5


Witchcraft beliefs are widespread, highly variable around the world
Nov 2022, phys.org

Witchcraft beliefs are linked to weak institutions, low levels of social trust, and low innovation, as well as conformist culture and higher levels of in-group bias — the tendency for people to favor others who are similar to them.

Funny how social media engagement algorithms exploit and increase these very features, leading to more conspiracy theories which are like witchcraft.

via Public Library of Science, Department of Economics, American University: Boris Gershman et al, Witchcraft beliefs around the world: An exploratory analysis, PLoS ONE (2022). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276872


New international study concludes digital media can fuel polarization and populism
Nov 2022, phys.org

Meta study on digital media:
  • Digital media is Good for - increasing political knowledge and diversity of news exposure
  • Digital media is Bad for - fostering polarization and populism

Findings:
  • Beneficial in emerging democracies but destabilizing in established democracies.
  • No evidence of echo chambers in studies looking at news exposure, for example, but they do seem to emerge within social media networks.
  • In mature democracies such as the US and Europe, social media use causes increased polarization and decreased trust in institutions.

via University of Bristol, Max Planck Institute for Human Development and the Hertie School in Germany: Philipp Lorenz-Spreen, A systematic review of worldwide causal and correlational evidence on digital media and democracy, Nature Human Behaviour (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01460-1


Wednesday, January 11, 2023

Leave No Trace


Sensors can tap into mobile vibrations to eavesdrop remotely, researchers find
Oct 2022, phys.org

They could detect the vibrations of a cell phone's earpiece and decipher what the person on the other side of the call was saying with up to 83% accuracy using an off-the-shelf automotive radar sensor and a novel processing approach (called an "eavesdropping attack").

via Penn State: Suryoday Basak et al, mmSpy: Spying Phone Calls using mmWave Radars, 2022 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP) (2022). DOI: 10.1109/SP46214.2022.9833568

Image credit: Thermal Tent - Infrared Imaging Services


AI-driven 'thermal attack' system reveals computer and smartphone passwords in seconds
Oct 2022, phys.org

After users type their passcode, a thermal camera can take a picture that reveals the heat signature of where their fingers have touched the device; the brighter an area appears in the thermal image, the more recently it was touched.

via University of Glasgow: Norah Alotaibi et al, ThermoSecure: Investigating the effectiveness of AI-driven thermal attacks on commonly used computer keyboards, ACM Transactions on Privacy and Security (2022). DOI: 10.1145/3563693


Monday, October 31, 2022

Panoptic Supremacy


EU to unveil landmark law to force Big Tech to police illegal content
Apr 2022, Financial Times via Ars Technica

Dark patterns - techniques that dupe people into unwillingly clicking:

"The controversial practice of targeting users online based on their religion, gender or sexual preferences will be banned under the Digital Services Act, according to four people with knowledge of the discussions."



Satellites will act as thermometers in the sky
Jul 2022, BBC News

Satellite Vu is attracting a lot of interest with its plans to fly a network of spacecraft to map heat signatures across the planet.

Such observations have long been made, but not at the resolution (3-4m) and frequency (several times a day) that the London firm is promising.

This will allow Satellite Vu to map the temperature profiles of individual buildings, offices and factories.

"With infrared, what you see in daytime, you can see at night. And whereas most other Earth observation data-sets are looking at the outside of buildings, we can even get an inference of what's going on inside - whether there's activity in that building, whether a house is occupied, whether there's productive machinery in a factory," said Anthony Baker, CEO and co-founder of Satellite Vu.

The data will also provide intelligence to the financial and insurance sectors - and even the military - by showing how temperatures in a scene have changed. It's possible, for example, to see that planes recently left an airfield from the cool "ghost images" they leave behind having earlier shadowed the ground from the Sun.


Inside Fog Data Science, the Secretive Company Selling Mass Surveillance to Local Police
Sep 2022, Electronic Frontier Foundation

Summarizing for context:
Finally, evidence suggests that Fog’s service relies on using advertising identifiers to link data together, so simply disabling your ad ID may stymie Fog’s attempts to track you. One email suggests that Apple’s App Tracking Transparency initiative — which made ad ID access opt-in and resulted in a drastic decrease in the number of devices sharing that information — made services like Fog less useful to law enforcement. And former police analyst Davin Hall told EFF that the company wanted to keep its existence secret so that more people would leave their ad IDs enabled. 


Wednesday, September 7, 2022

Falling Down


AKA Data Miners Go on Strike

Amazon targets 10,000 fake review Facebook groups
Jul 2022, BBC News
 
Amazon is taking legal action against the administrators of more than 10,000 Facebook groups, the BBC has learned.

It says the groups are generating fake reviews on Amazon marketplaces in the US, UK, Germany, France, Italy, Spain, and Japan.

The tech sector has finally started to cannibalize itself. 


First ever sales fall for Facebook owner Meta
Jul 2022, BBC News
https://www.bbc.com/news/business-62322862

"When you look at the ad space right now...growth is deteriorating at a very fast pace, much faster than most people had anticipated," Mr Zino said.

Meta's reliance on small and medium-sized businesses - which are "spooked" about the economy - makes it particularly vulnerable to any market slowdown, said Nikhil Lai senior analyst for performance marketing at Forrester Research.

The company's fine-tuned model for targeting adverts was also disrupted last year when Apple overhauled its privacy settings.

Let's just accept it now, in a pretty unexpected turn of events, the Roe decision has pushed the American populace off the privacy cliff. 

Let's also recall the 2014 paper that followed the disease model on a social network and predicted Facebook would run out of users by 2018 (which then happened, although the balance was being replaced by bots at the same time so nobody cared to acknowledge it).
-Epidemiological modeling of online social network dynamics, John Cannarell, Joshua A. Spechler. Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University. arxiv:1401.4208v1 [cs.SI] 17 Jan 2014. https://arxiv.org/pdf/1401.4208v1.pdf

It Knows


AKA The Great Recognizer

Neural network can read tree heights from satellite images
Apr 2022, phys.org

We need to be reminded of how powerful data can be when it's f**king massive. It doesn't even have to be related. Like for example I can tell which zip code you grew up in, even the street and maybe even the house, based on really really fine-grained data about your teethbrushing habits, delivered by your smart toothbrush of course.

It sounds crazy, but given enough data, nothing is crazy. 

We don't even have to know how to do it, just give a neural network enough data, and it will figure out the problem for you:

"Since we don't know which patterns the computer needs to look out for to estimate height, we let it learn the best image filters itself."

All you need are some training data, so in this case that means a bunch of trees for which we do know the height. Then we take the (otherwise flat) satellite data, mash it with the height data for the known trees to teach the network, and then unleash the network on the unknowns.  

And why do we want to know how tall trees are? "Because whenever we cut down trees, we release carbon into the atmosphere, and we don't know how much carbon we are releasing."

via ETH Zurich: Nico Lang, Walter Jetz, Konrad Schindler, Jan Dirk Wegner, A high-resolution canopy height model of the Earth. arXiv:2204.08322v1 [cs.CV], arxiv.org/abs/2204.08322

Image source: The 4 Trends That Prevail on the Gartner Hype Cycle for AI, 2021, Gartner, Sep 2021
via: Intelligent Sensing: Enabling the Next “Automation Age” by Marco Cassis of STMicroelectronics at International Solid-State Circuits Conference 2022


Anxious individuals identified by analyzing their walking gait
May 2022, phys.org

The best method for identifying anxious individuals was walking. The team successfully identified people who were anxious with 75% accuracy.

They had to complete a balance test and a two-minute walk while wearing sensors. Based on these data, the team determined the young people who report being anxious walk in a way that's very similar to older adults who are fearful of falling. They find that young, anxious adults are constantly scanning for threats from side to side while walking and have trouble turning. The researchers also reported that anxious people have worse balance than those who are anxious.

via Clarkson University: Maggie Stark et al, Identifying Individuals Who Currently Report Feelings of Anxiety Using Walking Gait and Quiet Balance: An Exploratory Study Using Machine Learning, Sensors (2022). DOI: 10.3390/s22093163


Using electric signals from human brains, new software can perform computerized image editing
Jun 2022, phys.org

"All the existing software has been previously trained with labeled input. So, if you want an app which can make people look older, you feed it thousands of portraits and tell the computer which ones are young, and which are old.

Here, the brain activity of the subjects was the only input.

This is an entirely new paradigm in artificial intelligence—using the human brain directly as the source of input."

"All the existing software has been previously trained with labeled input. So, if you want an app which can make people look older, you feed it thousands of portraits and tell the computer which ones are young, and which are old. Here, the brain activity of the subjects was the only input. This is an entirely new paradigm in artificial intelligence—using the human brain directly as the source of input."

But alas:
"Collecting individual brain signals does involve ethical issues..."

We are the data, and we have lots of it.

Be a real shame if someone were to save our brainwaves and then sell them on the data market, where they could in turn unintentionally feed back to us our own biases after having been amplified by some behaviorally-exploitative algorithm...

via University of Copenhagen and University of Helsinki: Brain-Supervised Image Editing. Keith M. Davis III et al. Proceedings of the IEEE/CVF Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Jun 2022. 


People with similar faces likely have similar DNA
Aug 2022, phys.org

They recruited human doubles from the photographic work of François Brunelle, a Canadian artist who has been obtaining worldwide pictures of look-alikes since 1999. They obtained headshot pictures of 32 look-alike couples. 

Physical traits such as weight and height, as well as behavioral traits such as smoking and education, were correlated in look-alike pairs. Taken together, the results suggest that shared genetic variation not only relates to similar physical appearance, but may also influence common habits and behavior.

Eventually the all-seeing omnibot will be able to create a complete living human population gene network based only on our faces (and it will predict our habits and behaviors too).

via Barcelona Supercomputing Center and Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute Barcelona: Manel Esteller, Look-alike humans identified by facial recognition algorithms show genetic similarities, Cell Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111257


Algorithm predicts crime a week in advance, but reveals bias in police response
Jul 2022, phys.org

Algorithm that forecasts crime by learning patterns in time and geographic locations from public data on violent and property crimes. The model can predict future crimes one week in advance with about 90% accuracy.

Not like that!
In a separate model, the research team also studied the police response to crime by analyzing the number of arrests following incidents and comparing those rates among neighborhoods with different socioeconomic status. They saw that crime in wealthier areas resulted in more arrests, while arrests in disadvantaged neighborhoods dropped. Crime in poor neighborhoods didn't lead to more arrests, however, suggesting bias in police response and enforcement.

via University of Chicago: Ishanu Chattopadhyay, Event-level prediction of urban crime reveals a signature of enforcement bias in US cities, Nature Human Behaviour (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01372-0


AI reveals unsuspected math underlying search for exoplanets
May 2022, phys.org

I forget about the singularity sometimes, but it's happening right now; we're already in the singularity:
Artificial intelligence (AI) algorithms trained on real astronomical observations now outperform astronomers in sifting through massive amounts of data to find new exploding stars, identify new types of galaxies and detect the mergers of massive stars, accelerating the rate of new discovery in the world's oldest science.

But that's already been the case, now it appears the AI has discovered "unsuspected connections hidden in the complex mathematics arising from general relativity". 
The algorithm figured out new rules of gravitational microlensing:
"I argue that they constitute one of the first — if not the first — time that AI has been used to directly yield new theoretical insight in math and astronomy."-Joshua Bloom, UC Berkeley professor of astronomy

"Keming's machine learning algorithm uncovered this degeneracy that had been missed by experts in the field toiling with data for decades. This is suggestive of how research is going to go in the future when it is aided by machine learning, which is really exciting." -Scott Gaudi, professor of astronomy at Ohio State

via University of California - Berkeley: Keming Zhang et al, A ubiquitous unifying degeneracy in two-body microlensing systems, Nature Astronomy (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41550-022-01671-6


Post Script:
"AI software has collaborated with mathematicians to successfully develop a theorem about the structure of knots, but the suggestions given by the code were so unintuitive that they were initially dismissed. Only later were they discovered to offer invaluable insight. The work suggests AI may reveal new areas of mathematics where large data sets make problems too complex to be comprehended by humans."
-DeepMind AI collaborates with humans on two mathematical breakthroughs, Matthew Sparkes, New Scientist, Dec 2021 [link]

They're talking about knots. Instead of feeding it facebook photos or product reviews, they gave it math problems...about knots. The "connection between algebraic and geometric invariants of knots".

And why knots? Because theories about knots can also be applied to quantum field theory. Don't ask me why, but they do, and it's called topology.

via Google DeepMind: Advancing mathematics by guiding human intuition with AI. Davies, A., Veličković, P., Buesing, L. et al. Nature 600, 70–74 (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04086-x


Post Post Script, On Synthetic Data:
'Fake' data helps robots learn the ropes faster
Jul 2022, phys.org

How to be a human:
For the rope-looping simulation and experiment, Mitrano and Berenson expanded the data set by extrapolating the position of the rope to other locations in a virtual version of a physical space—so long as the rope would behave the same way as it had in the initial instance. Using only the initial training data, the simulated robot hooked the rope around the engine block 48% of the time. After training on the augmented data set, the robot succeeded 70% of the time.
via  University of Michigan: Data Augmentation for Manipulation, arXiv:2205.02886v3 [cs.RO]  https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2205.02886