Sunday, December 8, 2019

Transportation Network Analysis

How the road network determines traffic capacity
Nov 2019, phys.org

ETH researchers have shown that we can use the structure of urban road networks to predict their traffic capacity ... using billions of traffic measurements to reveal a set of rules that enable us to easily estimate the critical number of vehicles, and by extension, the traffic capacity of a city's road network:

  • road network density (kilometers of lanes per surface area)
  • redundancy of alternative routes
  • frequency of traffic lights
  • density of bus and tram lines

image source: Alan Stark, "Mini Stack" Interchange of Interstate 10, Loop 202, and State Route 51 at Night (2), 2012. link

Allister Loder et al. Understanding traffic capacity of urban networks, Scientific Reports (2019).
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51539-5



Brothers and Sisters

Mapping the end of incest and dawn of individualism
Nov 2019 phys.org

Apparently the Romans had to learn not to have incest in order to advance their civilization. Thanks Jesus.

Historians and scholars still don't know why Europe shifted between 1300 - 1500 AD, but they did. They were under the influence of the Catholic Church.

They think maybe: "Kin-based institutions reward conformity, tradition, nepotism, and obedience to authority, traits that help protect assets—such as farms—from outsiders. But once familial barriers crumble, the team predicted that individualistic traits like independence, creativity, cooperation, and fairness with strangers would increase."

So in conclusion - the willingness to trust strangers correlates to whether or not your family structure is the kind where your cousins mate. If it is, you're less likely to trust strangers, because you tend to find yourself surrounded by your own blood.

Now whether this means Europe needed to start trusting strangers because they were getting mixed up faster than a bag of microwave popcorn, or they facilitated this dynamism because of their beliefs, either way the association paints an interesting picture of the physics of sociology.

Post Script
Facial deformity in royal dynasty was linked to inbreeding, scientists confirm
Dec 2019, phys.org

Big Datty

Scientists use phone movement to predict personality types
Aug 2019, phys.org

I know they call it big data, but the flip side to that is the little data, nano data that sounds ludicrous. This is where I remind folks that 20 years from now, we will be able to see 360 degrees into pictures, based in the interference of light patterns and how they affect the things actually in the picture. Or how we will be able to see in a dark room by listening to the absolutely miniscule  interference patterns of sound waves as they bounce around, all taken from decades-old youtube videos. You think that sounds crazy now, but try to imagine what the world will be like when you're torrenting yottabytes from your phone, which will be in your brain. There will be sensors on your hand that will immediately identify the microbiomes of the people you shake hands with, and tell you super-intimate details about who they slept with last night. People will stop shaking hands. They will stop making contact period.

***
Inequality in the UK can be detected using deep learning image analysis
Apr 2019, phys.org

"The authors hypothesized that some features of cities and urban life, such as quality of housing and the living environment, have direct visual signals that a computer could recognize.

"These visual signals include building materials and disrepair, cars, or local shops. Combined with government statistics on outcomes such as housing conditions, mean income, or mortality and morbidity rates for one city, images may be used to train a computer programme to detect inequalities in other cities that lack statistical data."

Esra Suel et al. Measuring social, environmental and health inequalities using deep learning and street imagery, Scientific Reports (2019).
DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42036-w

Low resolution, Big data.
Surveillance of the Future.

Post Script:
Virtual spaces mirror income inequality
Oct 2019, phys.org

"In American cities, lifestyle hashtags abound in richer areas, while sports, zodiac signs and horoscopes seem to be more popular in poorer areas."

People, Particles and Social Science

aka Sociothermodynamics


Let's not forget that we do live in the era of Big Data, and it's only getting Bigger.

Big data requires new methods of analysis. As we get more and more info about the world around us, we need more basic, underlying frameworks to organize and interpret that data. And that is where physics comes to the rescue. Physicists are used to looking at complex systems with millions, billions and trillions of interactions, and being able to make predictions about their behaviors.

You would think it would show up in the news way more often, because it sure sounds like magic to me. But alas, it's not an everyday headline, so I thought I would spit a few terms up here, just to help stay familiar. This is in relation to urban design and economics.

Inness - the tendency for people to gravitate to the socioeconomic center of a city; this can be correlated to socioeconomic factors, infrastructure factors, and even mortality rates, and an example would be how well-developed cities with multiple socioeconomic centers would have a low inness value.

Betweenness Centrality - a measure of how many things you are in the between of; an example would be how some locations are at the intersection of more than two streets.

These examples are pretty straightforward because they're based on physical objects or locations. Things get a bit more abstract when we start to talk about the spread of disease through a population, or better yet, memetic propagation, which is the spread of ideas.

The practical applications of using network science to predict complex systems are much needed -- the way people move throughout a city is increasingly important when more than half the world's population is now living in cities. But I'd rather hear about how we can predict your chances of adopting a new slang term based on the gesture recognition of your 5 best friends, for example. 

Post Script:
Urban Planning and Big Data
Study finds online restaurant information can closely predict key neighborhood indicators
July 2019, phys.org

What can Wikipedia tell us about human interaction?
June 2019, phys.org

"...if we look at Wikipedia pages about the 2015 Paris terrorist attacks, we can see that the page about the attack is directly connected to the page about Charlie Hebdo magazine, and also to a cluster of pages representing terrorist organizations," Miz explains.

Benzi and Miz call this kind of information-seeking "collective memory," as it can reveal how current events trigger memories of the past.

Hyphens in paper titles harm citation counts and journal impact factors
June 2019, phys.org

Notes:
Can the laws of physics untangle traffic jams, stock markets, and other complex systems?
Mar 2019, phys.org

Here's some other topics at the intersection of science and society:
The hipster effect - Why anti-conformists always end up looking the same
Mar 2019, phys.org

Social media can predict what youíll say, even if you donít participate
Jan 2019, Ars Technica

The 2008 recession associated with greater decline in mortality in Europe
Feb 2019, phys.org

"Periods of macroeconomic recession are associated with lower levels of pollution and fewer accidents in the workplace and on the roads. These are the factors most likely to have the greatest influence on accelerating the decline in mortality. Alcohol and tobacco consumption also fall during periods of greater austerity, as do the prevalences of sedentary lifestyles and obesity. While the underlying mechanisms are still not well established, the findings of some studies also point to the influence of other factors, such as work stress and the fact that healthy habits demand time, something less available to a person working in a full-time job."

And finally, totally unrelated wordporn:
No longer qubits but qutrits!
Complex quantum teleportation achieved for the first time - qutrits

Seeing into the Future


Stalker 'found Japanese singer through reflection in her eyes'
Oct 2019, BBC News

This is nothing.
Wait til the robots start looking at reflections.
No joke, they will be able to see into the past, by looking at a still image and computing the paths of photons. Watch.

image source: Outer Limits

Liability Train First Stop

Instagram demands date of birth from new members
Dec 2019, BBC

The company is asking all users to input birthdates to be able to protect them from ads that might make hurt them. (Because it sounds like we've accepted the idea that advertising can hurt people.)

But let's be realistic here, this isn't about the business protecting kids; they're protecting themselves.

You know darn well they can tell based on behavior analysis, which is conducted on every user, they can tell who is a kid and who's not. So they already know your "birthdate."

They already know because it's their business to know everything they can about you, so they can provide better ads.

The reason they're now asking for your age is so that if you if you lie about your age, but then later try to sue them for something that you saw on their site (because advertising is a weapon that can accidentally hurt you), they can say, no, you said you were not a kid, and therefore we are protected.

Prediction vs Perception


Climate models are often attacked, but most of the time they're remarkably good
Dec 2019, phys.org

Alternative headline:
High stakes test, models perform well, good sign for the future of humanity?

image source: Carl Zeiss

Note:
Zeke Hausfather et al. Evaluating the performance of past climate model projections, Geophysical Research Letters (2019).
DOI: 10.1029/2019GL085378

Partially Related Article:
The geoengineering of consent: How conspiracists dominate YouTube climate science content
July 2019, phys.org

In the last paragraph, a message from a passionate scientist says that Science needs to be more transparent, more open to communication with the public, and to use the massive channel to the public that youtube offers.

But the irony is that youtube is not a public entity. Neither is the internet the wild west it once was. It's monetized. That's a key point that seems to evade current discourse on this topic.

Videos that make people click will make more money. Posts that get shared make more money because they put the corresponding ad in front of more eyeballs. That's one half of the equation, the other half is that people love fake news. It's not like the National Enquirer hasn't been around for almost 100 years. so in the end, science can do all it wants try and combat conspiracy theories, but until the revenue scheme is changed, conspiracy theory stuff we always get more views.

(btw, The National Enquirer pays their sources, something other mainstream news organizations don't do as a matter of practice; should sound familiar to the above. They were also indicted but never charged on a count of sedition in 1942)

Joachim Allgaier, Science and Environmental Communication on YouTube: Strategically Distorted Communications in Online Videos on Climate Change and Climate Engineering, Frontiers in Communication (2019).
DOI: 10.3389/fcomm.2019.00036

For the Record


Study shows there's nothing wacky about conspiracy theorists
Nov 2019, phy.org

(Statistically, they're normal people, so their goes your theory.)

Bicameral in the Wild


Federal pension fund to include China investments, bucking political pressure
Nov 2019, Reuters

He said bicameral.

Bicameralism

The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind
Julian Jaynes, 1976

Overview of Julian Jaynes's Theory
In January of 1977 Princeton University psychologist Julian Jaynes (1920–1997) put forth a bold new theory of the origin of consciousness and a previous mentality known as the bicameral mind in the controversial but critically acclaimed book The Origin of Consciousness in the Breakdown of the Bicameral Mind. Jaynes was far ahead of his time, and his theory remains as relevant today as when it was first published.

Jaynes asserts that consciousness did not arise far back in human evolution but is a learned process based on metaphorical language. Prior to the development of consciousness, Jaynes argues humans operated under a previous mentality he called the bicameral ('two-chambered') mind. In the place of an internal dialogue, bicameral people experienced auditory hallucinations directing their actions, similar to the command hallucinations experienced by many people who hear voices today. These hallucinations were interpreted as the voices of chiefs, rulers, or the gods.

To support his theory, Jaynes draws evidence from a wide range of fields, including neuroscience, psychology, archeology, ancient history, and the analysis of ancient texts. Jaynes's theory has profound implications for human history as well as a variety of aspects of modern society such as mental health, religious belief, susceptibility to persuasion, psychological anomalies such as hypnosis and possession, and our ongoing conscious evolution.
-Julian Jaynes Society

Artificial Impressionism


Fake news via OpenAI - Eloquently incoherent?
Nov 2019, phys.org

Robots slowly taking over. Give them a sentence and they can now keep it going for a few more sentences, but after that it gets stupid.

So you can give it a fake headline, and it will generate the first line of the story, but after that things will start to fall apart.

Good thing the targets for engineered memetic propagation are not trying to read past the first sentence!

Post Script
Researchers develop a method to identify computer-generated text
July 2019, phys.org



In the above 3 images, the first is a chunk of text written by a robot (most of the words are green, with a few yellows sprinkled in), the second is a real New York Times article (only half is green, the rest is yellow, with some red, and a sprinkle of purple) and the third picture is a clip from "the most unpredictable human text ever written", James Joyce's Finnegan's Wake (the colors green, yellow, red, purple are all evenly distributed about the page).

Green words are very predictably the next word. Yellow words are less likely to show up after the word they show up after. And red and purple are for when the next word is something you absolutely did not expect.

Because text-writing algorithms today use a statistical correlation program based on a compendium of written language (so they know what words typically occur together) the output of such algos will tend to look like the topmost image with all green words. The algos can't think for themselves, they can't 'come up with' new stuff, and they can't be unpredictable. The whole point of writing an algorithm to do this is to prescribe what it's going to do in advance, i.e., it's predictable.

Anyway, soon we won't be writing our robots to write like that. They'll use less predictable programs to generate their text, with unpredictability and random association thrown in there on purpose.

Universe Machine and The Metaversal Omnibot

aka Deep Takeover

DeepMind AI achieves Grandmaster status at Starcraft 2
Oct 2019, BBC News

"This all took place across 44 days. But because the process was carried out at high speed, it represented about 200 years of human gameplay."

Virtual 'universe machine' sheds light on galaxy evolution
Aug 2019, phys.org

"Universe Machine"
aka Dawn of the Anthroposphere

image source: gettyimages-1095967942

Shady as Hell


City trees can offset neighborhood heat islands, researcher says
Apr 2019, phys.org

That's a crazy idea.
Here's another one - municipal land use regulations can require shade trees on the West side of any building. If every single building in the United States had a tree shading its west side, reducing the temperature by about ten degrees F for a few hours on every hot day, how much energy in air conditioning would be saved?

Simulacra City


Meet N.J.'s newest downtown, designed for kids and adults with special needs
Aug 2019, nj.com

Here's an urban design story you don't hear too much. It looks like a typical downtown, with stores and sidewalks, but it's indoors. It used to be a warehouse in Livingston, New Jersey, but now it's kind of like a Disney village.

It's got normal stores and full time workers and patrons from the community, but with jobs prioritized for people sensitive to dynamic social interactions - there's just enough but not too much people buzzing around. And so they get to be gently immersed in everyday activities, to build up their people skills.

With the metabolizing gray blob of abandoned strip malls that sprawls over New Jersey, there's plenty of room for a few more of these.

Music Science


Dubstep artist Skrillex could protect against mosquito bites
Aug 2019, BBC News

Mosquitos use low frequencies to have sex, or to find mates. Something about bass drops and mosquito sex. When you interfere, or add noise to this frequency, it can entrain them, or hypnotize them, because they are so sensitive to it. They get hypnotized and don't sting as much.

Why music makes us feel, according to AI
Nov 2019, phys.org

Contrast made this one part of the brain light up a lot, like a change in loudness, or introduction of a new instrument. "Dynamic variability".

In fact, for each new instrument, there was a spike in palm sweat (aka galvanic skin response).

But the most stimulating moments happened from heightened complexity; as you add more instruments and as you approach crescendo, you experience the whole autonomic response on at the highest level.

And emotional response?

"That award goes to the raised 7th note of the minor scale. The study found the note F# in a song in the G minor key positively correlated with high sadness ratings.
-A Multimodal View into Music's Effect on Human Neural, Physiological, and Emotional Experience

image source: Jason Mowry, Black and Green Music Equalizer

Post Script
Chimpanzees spontaneously dance to music
Dec 2019, phys.org
"dance-like music" (?)
Rachmaninoff the most innovative composer according to network science
Feb 2020, phys.org

Comparing Western and Chinese classical music using deep learning algorithms
Mar 2020, phys.org
"While previous music studies mainly use models based on music, we were curious about whether a model trained on general soundscape can be used for analyzing music and how they are different for Chinese and Western classical music," Fan explained. "Therefore, we tried using two models built on general sound: a sound event detection model and a soundscape emotion recognition model."
...
The researchers also observed that their deep learning classifier recognized soundscape recordings as Chinese classical music. This suggests that soundscape recordings typically share more similarities with Chinese classical music than with Western classical music.

Seeing is Believing


A new approach to discover visual patterns in art collections
Mar 2019, phys.org

A little bit of art history - prior to the van Meegeren Forgeries in the 1940's, art historians and art authenticators would perform their forensics thus: stand in front of the painting, and if you feel it, if it moves you, then it's real.

Artificial Life and The Designer Microbe

Artificial life form given 'synthetic DNA'
May 2019, BBC News

It's a form of E. coli that's been "written from scratch". In other words, every gene it has was altered. And yet it's alive.
Also, it has a name - Syn61.
Welcome.

image source: flowvis.org

Note:
The article points out that "The approach is more cautious than that used by bio-entrepreneur, Craig Venter, whose microbial replicant based on the tiny organism Mycoplasma genitalium was presented to the world in 2010.

Keeping Up with the Hertzbergs


How do you know your diamond isn't fake?
July 2019, BBC News

Being that it's not that hard to grow diamonds in a lab anymore, customers need new ways to tell whether their diamonds are real or not.

Identification codes can now be etched with lasers beneath the surface so it can't be tampered with, and small-scale diamond mines can use blockchain to prove they're not being tampered along the way to the customer.

Bottom line though, it's getting harder and harder to justify the diamond trade overall when you can just make them in a lab. Like the meatburgers made without meat - once you can no longer tell the difference, does it matter?

image source: The Z machine, the largest X-ray generator in the world, is located in Albuquerque, New Mexico. No idea what this has to do with diamonds, but it looks cool. Also, it rains diamonds on other planets.

Light Hype, Crystal Prediction, and Cerebral Diamonoids


Energy-free superfast computing invented by scientists using light pulses
May 2019, phys.org

Researchers demonstrate all-optical neural network for deep learning
Sep 2019, phys.org

Researchers teleport information within a diamond
June 2019, phys.org

Diamonds in your devices - Powering the next generation of energy storage
Dec 2019, phys.org

Boron-doped nanodiamond to be specific.

Crystal with a twist - scientists grow spiraling new material
Jun 2019, phys.org

"No one expected 2-D materials to grow in such a way. It's like a surprise gift," said Jie Yao, an assistant professor of materials science and engineering at UC Berkeley.

"While the shape of the crystals may resemble that of DNA, whose helical structure is critical to its job of carrying genetic information, their underlying structure is actually quite different. Unlike "organic" DNA, which is primarily built of familiar atoms like carbon, oxygen and hydrogen, these "inorganic" crystals are built of more far-flung elements of the periodic table, in this case, sulfur and germanium. And while organic molecules often take all sorts of zany shapes, due to unique properties of their primary component, carbon, inorganic molecules tend more toward the straight and narrow."

Cyborg organoids offer rare view into early stages of development
Aug 2019, phys.org

"If we can develop nanoelectronics that are so flexible, stretchable, and soft that they can grow together with developing tissue through their natural development process, the embedded sensors can measure the entire activity of this developmental process," said Jia Liu, Assistant Professor of Bioengineering at SEAS and senior author of the study. "

Brain waves detected in mini-brains grown in a dish
Sep 2019, phys.org

World first as artificial neurons developed to cure chronic diseases
Dec 2019, phys.org

Optimal solid state neurons, Nature Communications (2019).
DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-13177-3 


***
We will all live inside diamonds.
Optical intelligentities in neuromorphic cerebral organoid diamonds, to be specific.

***

Scientists create a 'crystal within a crystal' for new electronic devices
Dec 2019, phys.org

Storing data in everyday objects
Dec 2019, phys.org
A method for marking products with a DNA "barcode" embedded in miniscule glass beads -- These nanobeads are used in industry as tracers for geological tests or as markers for high-quality food products, thus distinguishing them from counterfeits using a relatively short barcode consisting of a 100-bit code. This technology has now been commercialized by ETH spin-off Haelixa. 
They call the storage-form "DNA of Things" 
"All other known forms of storage have a fixed geometry: A hard drive has to look like a hard drive, a CD like a CD. You can't change the form without losing information," Erlich says. "DNA is currently the only data storage medium that can also exist as a liquid, which allows us to insert it into objects of any shape." 
A further application of the technology would be to conceal information in everyday objects, a technique experts refer to as steganography. 
Grass, Erlich and their colleagues used the technology to store a short film about this archive (1.4 megabytes) in glass beads, which they then poured into the lenses of ordinary glasses. "It would be no problem to take a pair of glasses like this through airport security and thus transport information from one place to another undetected," Erlich says. In theory, it should be possible to hide the glass beads in any plastic objects that do not reach too high a temperature during the manufacturing process.
Substance found in fossil fuels can transform into pure diamond
Mar 2020, phy.org

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Palmar Sweating and Mass Hysteria


During a recent political crisis [this was written in 1967], when there was a temporary increase in the likelihood of nuclear war, all experiments into palmar sweating at a research institute had to be abandoned because the base level of the response had become so abnormal that the tests would have been meaningless.  (p188)
-The Naked Ape, Desmond Morris, 1967
(a book about the human animal by a zoologist)

Monday, October 28, 2019

O Canada



Sure, I can post this a year in advance. Around this time of year I grew up with Mischief Night. Mischievous things were done, mostly involving rotten eggs. Never thought about it as a regional phenomenon, but apparently it's limited to this little corner of the United States. Then again I never thought I'd be sh** out of luck to find a taylor ham, egg and cheese sandwich anywhere else.

Way more interesting is the Canadian version of Mischief Night, called Mat Night, and where you guessed it - they swap neighbors' doormats in the middle of the night. 

Mischief Night, apparently, is a Jersey thing. Here's how this mayhem started.
Oct 29, NJ.com

Wednesday, October 2, 2019

Manual Override Autocrash


We are already at their service.
We are already neglecting Asimov's Laws.
We don't see it yet because it's automatic updates and automatic screen rotation. When it's automatic plane-flying, or rather automatic plane-crashing, some might see it. Once it's automatically running your entire life, with no consideration to you the end user as an individual, with no consideration to a manual override, it will be too endemic, too pervasive, and too powerful for you to do anything.

The pilot's manual choices should always override software.
-random reddit comment by NotYouDude

Notes:
Wiki link

Flawed analysis, failed oversight: How Boeing, FAA certified the suspect 737 MAX flight control system
Seattle Times. Mar 17, 2019.

Boeing 'misjudged 737 Max pilot reactions'
Sep 2019, BBC News

"...which was designed to make the aircraft easier to fly."

Post Script:
And you can't make this shit up -- the automated security system in your house automatically called the cops on the automated floor cleaner in the house. If only they talked to each other first...

Deputies surround burglar in Oregon home, find out suspect is Roomba trapped in bathroom
April 2019, Local News

Asimov's Three Laws of Robotics

The Bull's Eye


We're reading here about the Yellow Vests in France, on a random message board:

"The yellow vests feel like the American Occupy Wall Street movement back in the early 2010's. Started by people with genuine concerns only to be hijacked by anarchists and hippies who didn't entirely know what they want, with no actual leadership or chain of command, but wanted a reason to misguidingly express their personal political ideologies (drum circles and rioting depending on where they fall on the spectrum)."
-random message board contributor

Another contributor's response calls out the fact that one of the critical reasons for the Occupy Wall Street movement failing was due to the lack of public space in which to protest, something that today at almost ten years later is still not being fully appreciated, as seen by the continued emaciation of public space in New York City. (See the Starbuck's Bathroom Debacle of 2018 for further fodder on that)

I would rather draw attention to this -- the Yellow Vests have fallen by the same means as Occupy Wall Street -- hyper advanced NSA-type persistent surveillance plus members over-communicating on under-secure channels (social media etc) equals targeted takedown of leaders, and eventual loss of purpose. Hong Kong protesters, on the other hand, use layered operating systems on their phones for military-level security, to provide one example of adaptation.

Mental Vaccines Are Coming to Take Your Thoughts Away


Fear not fellow Americans, we'll be cured of the Fake News Blues in no time.

You see it everywhere --  we're turning fossil fuels into planet-killing death gas because climate change isn't real, turning kids into petri dishes for vintage diseases because the immune system isn't real, and even turning unscrupulous businessmen into national superheroes, because morals aren't real!

But finally, some psychologists from Cambridge have developed a mental inoculation that builds your resistance to bad data through small doses of exposure. The way it works is that they give you some real data (climate change; it's real), and then they give you some fake data (climate change; Chinese conspiracy!), and THEN they give you the reasons why the fake stuff is fake and the real stuff is real.

When you see it side by side, and when you see the rebuttal come from the same source as both the real and the fake, you build a little bit of resistance.

Notes:
Mental “vaccine” protects both parties from plague of fake news and lies
Jan 2017, Ars Technica

Inoculating the Public against Misinformation about Climate Change
Global Challenges, 2017. DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201600008

Here is for those who are trying to reconcile how climate change can be a national security threat and yet not a threat both at the same time:
A brief introduction to climate change and national security
Yale Climate Connections, 2019

See also



All Aboard


Sure is a lot of talk about the coming juggernaut that is the 5G network. I'm not so sure that we'll be swimming in holometric datagrams within the next couple years, but I am trying hard to imagine what it will be like. What am I doing today, as a totally routine task, that would have been impossible while I still had a 1x phone in my pocket? Real time traffic? Meh, 1010 Wins.

Those artificial humans though?
She is attractive, emotive, and all-too-real. But Lia is an emotionally intelligent "artificial human"  with expressions and slight skin imperfections that make it difficult to tell that she is digital.
Lia has a virtual brain, virtual nervous system and even digital versions of dopamine and oxytocin that affect her neurons and autonomously trigger facial muscles. She can make eye contact with you—you'll see your own reflection looking at her—and read your face, detecting your emotional state. If you smile, Lia will smile back.
-Soul Machines
image source: Wall Street Journal link

Notes:
5G can make digital humans look real and turn real people into holograms
Mar 2019, phys.org

People think and behave differently in virtual reality than they do in real life
Jan 2019, phys.org

Partially Related Post Script:
An approach for motion planning on asteroid surfaces with irregular gravity fields
Feb 2019, phys.org

^I'm no extraterrestrial scientist but this is the kind of thing that makes even hard science fiction sound soft

Totally Unrelated Post Script:
Just keeping track; more face things:
AI fake face website launched
Feb 2019, BBC

Nanodata


A future 'human brain/cloud interface' will give people instant access to vast knowledge via thought alone
Apr 2019, phys.org

Biodistribution and biocompatibility of nanoparticles, looking out for that.

Image Source: M.C.Escher - Bond of Union - 1956

On the Multi-Dimensionality of Cultural Communication


Facebook 'labels' posts by hand, posing privacy questions
May 2019, Reuters

Facebook uses only five dimensions to categorize your pictures. Of these, we have these: 1. Subject (food, person, animal), 2. Occasion (day at the office, 1st birthday party), 3. Intention (plan, inspire, joke). The labeling is done by hand, in order to train machines. Meat-handlers they're called in the industry. Just kidding I made that up; but that's what they are -- because our machines are too stupid right now to be able to do this.

The problem is that humans are also too stupid. Rephrase that -- it's not that humans are stupid, it's the wrong humans being used. The Big F-Book uses meatmen in Romania and the Philippines. Now I'm not sure if I'm getting this right, but it sounds like some human flesh engines from one culture are interpreting the actions of another culture a half a world away.

The problem is when things get lost in translation. If we don't get the cultural nuances right, the resulting data will be messed up. Imagine there is some little quirk, a little difference or misunderstanding between the Filipino labeler and the American poster that labels all x-posts as y. And that error gets scaled up until a huge mistake is made when screening your background for some dystopian automated system that you really want to be a part of, or not, like the criminal justice system for example.

We can't ignore these differences. They may seem small, but they get scaled by the millions. At 150mph, the tiniest pebble will throw your motorcycle right off the road.

Post Script:
Talking about multi-dimensionality, try categorizing smells.

Saturday, September 14, 2019

On the Brains of Machines


This picture is kind of like an infrared camera but for algorithms.

It's a heat map for the eyeballs of a computer; what is it looking at, what are its clues?

In this case, it's looking at the water, not at the ship, in order to identify the image as a ship. (We're also assigning agency to this thing, in case anyone's keeping track.)

Neural nets are a big deal these days, but they come with a new problem. We don't know what they're doing, because the thing that makes them so special is that they figure out their own algorithm. (Agency again.) Computer programmers are not writing the programs; the networks write the programs using trial and error. Machine Learning is another name for this idea of iterative development.

There's a lot of people who would like to know what's going on in there, mostly to see how these things are getting their answers, and to make sure that the algorithms don't cheat to get their answers. Some learn bad habits, like detecting "ships" in pictures with water (which means they're good at detecting water, not ships), or by skimming metadata, which means they're good at classifying metadata, not pictures of stuff. These heat maps, and more importantly the forensics-like algorithms that inform them, are very helpful. They let us see inside the brains of the machine.

***
Speaking of disembodied brains, here's the artificial synapse. It uses a new type of hardware memory system that works more like a brain does, in an array, where they can do their computing business simultaneously. Neuromorphic computing.

And if you want to grow those artificial synapses in a 3-D tissue culture (brains in a dish), call these guys.

Cerebral organoids -- they're more for studying how the brain works than they are about making artificial brains. At least they're not using human brains, right?

Wrong; there are ethical concerns that these organoids might develop consciousness, or have already developed consciousness. 

Notes:

What is it like being a brain in a computer?
Clarifying how artificial intelligence systems make choices
Mar 2019, phys.org

Sebastian Lapuschkin et al, Unmasking Clever Hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn, Nature Communications (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08987-4

Fast, efficient and durable artificial synapse developed
Apr 2019, phys.org

Elliot J. Fuller et al. Parallel programming of an ionic floating-gate memory array for scalable neuromorphic computing, Science (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5581

Researchers grow active mini-brain-networks
Jun 2019, phys.org

Stem Cell Reports, Sakaguchi et al.: "Self-organized synchronous calcium transients in a cultured human neural network derived from cerebral organoids"
https://www.cell.com/stem-cell-reports/fulltext/S2213-6711(19)30197-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.029

On Free Will, Decision Making and Sovereign Awareness


Let's start here:
Our brains reveal our choices before we're even aware of them, study finds
Mar 2019, phys.org

Our thoughts can be predicted 11 seconds in advance by looking at patterns in brain activity.

"We believe that when we are faced with the choice between two or more options of what to think about, non-conscious traces of the thoughts are there already, a bit like unconscious hallucinations," Professor Pearson says.

"As the decision of what to think about is made, executive areas of the brain choose the thought-trace which is stronger. In, other words, if any pre-existing brain activity matches one of your choices, then your brain will be more likely to pick that option as it gets boosted by the pre-existing brain activity."
-Professor Joel Pearson, Director of the Future Minds Lab at UNSW School of Psychology

*note, researchers caution against assuming that all choices are by nature predetermined by pre-existing brain activity.
Roger Koenig-Robert et al. Decoding the contents and strength of imagery before volitional engagement, Scientific Reports (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-39813-y

Aside from the idea of biases in general, This all reminds me of another article on digital telepathy:

A bunch of people each have a tetris game controller with only one button, so that one person's button rotates, the other slides sideways, etc. Together they have to make decisions by consensus, verbally, while they collaboratively control the tetris-block.

The division of labor is ruthless (only one button) but the communication is rich (human speech). The result is a complex procedure that has been stripped-down to operate in a digitally-mediated environment.

Then there's the straight telepathy style collaboration where they bypass the verbal communication and go straight to brain waves:
How you and your friends can play a video game together using only your minds
July 2019, University of Washington News

A University of Washington team is doing telepathinc collective problem-solving. It's called BrainNet. Three people play a Tetris by talking to each other with their brain waves and wireless signal.
As in Tetris, the game shows a block at the top of the screen and a line that needs to be completed at the bottom. Two people, the Senders, can see both the block and the line but can’t control the game. The third person, the Receiver, can see only the block but can tell the game whether to rotate the block to successfully complete the line.

Each Sender decides whether the block needs to be rotated and then --passes that information from their brain, through the internet and to the brain of the Receiver.-- Then the Receiver processes that information and sends a command — to rotate or not rotate the block — to the game directly from their brain, hopefully completing and clearing the line.  
The screen also showed the word “Yes” on one side and the word “No” on the other side. Beneath the “Yes” option, an LED flashed 17 times per second. Beneath the “No” option, an LED flashed 15 times a second. Once the Sender makes a decision about whether to rotate the block, they send ‘Yes’ or ‘No’ to the Receiver’s brain by concentrating on the corresponding light [which then sends frequency-specific signal downstream].
-University of Washington
If we take this splintered form of decision-making, and combine it with the fact that we don't seem to be making decisions in the way that we think we are (the decision is already made seconds before we realize it), then it would be expected that as we get better at collaborating and complexifying our distributed cognition network, we will have robots, i.e., artificially intelligent entities, helping us, and becoming part of us.

Scale this up and imagine 700 people collectively coordinating a robot's movements, but not just one robot, hundreds and thousands. All semibots, no more line between us.



Notes:
We have come a long way since Emotiv's EPOC headset almost a decade ago; just imagine 2030.

Try Not to Think
Network Address, 2017

All Your Brain Are Belong To Us
Network Address, 2012

Playing Tetris by committee
May 2019, BBC

^Developed by Patrick Lemieux of UC Davis, California, the Octopad single button controllers mean each player can only trigger one kind of movement in the game so it forces co-operation and conversation between players.

Post Script:
Shared control allows a robot to use two hands working together to complete tasks
May 2019, phys.org
A team of researchers from the University of Wisconsin and the Naval Research Laboratory has designed and built a robotic system that allows for bimanual robot manipulation through shared control.... a technique that enabled a robot to carry out bimanual tasks by sharing control with a human being. ... The robot did not progress to the point of performing the task on its own—instead, it learned to serve as a more fully capable augmented assistant.
Pedestrians at crosswalks found to follow the Levy walk process
Apr 2019, phys.org

As people cross an intersection, they interface each other in predictable ways. 

"Rather than people continually meeting face to face, walkers would simply follow a person moving in the same direction, preventing the constant need to shift their path. ... Doing so increased efficiency both for the individuals and for the crowd as a whole."

They also found that these streams followed a Lévy process.

...
The Lévy walk process is a mathematical description, which means it's predictable. It says that as you walk, or as your eyes dart across a screen, or as you do a whole bunch of repetitive actions, you will move in short stops interspersed with long stops. Many short strides intermittent with some long strides. But the ratio of short to long, and the distances of each, are determined by a power law distribution that is the Lévy process. That our walking follows a Lévy process means we can predict how many steps you will take as you cross a given intersection.

And if you happen to be walking funny because you have a shotgun in your trousers, that can now be recognized by a persistent surveillance system, to either alert in advance of atypical behavior, or to aid in identifying individuals of interest in footage of an event after it has taken place. 

Thursday, August 8, 2019

In The Fractal Closet


Behold the Mandelbrot Set, a world-renowned image and a powerful symbol of infinity. The mathematical concept it illustrates is one of the most intuitive --it describes self-similarity-- and yet it remained unknown, even unbeckoned and unsought-after, until the advent of the modern computer. This dormant formula only came to life after iterations so numerous as to be considered infinite were the human hand the one computing. The computer showed us what a simple formula could do, if you scale it up. It shows us a behavior, not of things, but of space-time itself.


I wake up to the sound of rain, splattering. Then I wake up some more, and realize it's not rain.

It's coming from the ceiling. The plumbing. One hundred years of building and habitating and changing and changing has left me with an unfortunate design that is now leaking water from a ruptured pipe above the kitchen ceiling, and into my pantry closet.

Now I am fully awake, and fully out of bed, and pulling out all my things from the closet. I am transporting a 3x3' closet's worth of possessions to a 10x10' back room, and hastily.

The plumber has come and gone, and the handyman who repaired the closet. It's time to replace my things, to fill the closet again. But all I can do is stare at the sprawling piles of stuff, that was once compacted, compressed into a 3x3' closet. How did all this stuff possibly fit in that little closet. And it occurs to me -- this is fractals.

link
We are all familiar with the general idea of fractals, the Mandelbrot set, the self-similarity, the LSD. But that intuitively recognizable feature is an outcome of an underlying objective. The reason a fractal looks the way it does is because of its space-filling behavior, which itself is a function of growth limited by space. In order to keep jamming more and more stuff into that space, you have to follow the fractal formula.

A better example of fractals is not a tie-dye t-shirt but the coast of England. If you were to measure the coastline of England with a one-mile long measuring stick, it would be a pretty vague approximation of the coastline, but with a defined length.

Then if you were to measure with a one-foot stick (which would be ironic), you would get a much better approximation, but also a much larger coastline, because now that your shorter imperial stick can reach into all the nooks and crannies, it makes the total length that much longer. In fact, the smaller your measuring stick, the longer the coastline.

By this reasoning, the length of the coastline is infinite. In other words, it is not a 1-D line at all. Yet neither is it 2-D. It is 1.456-D, or maybe 1.879-D; it is a fraction of a dimension.


When you fill a closet with things, it doesn't just happen all at once. Sure, you start by "filling" the closet. But over time, as you use the things and remove things, add more things, and rearrange, you are filling the space more and more. But you're not just filling it with things now, you're filling it with intelligence.

The more time goes by, and the more you use things, remove, add and rearrange, you are going to fill all the nooks and crannies of that 3-D space until it is no longer 3-D. It becomes a fraction of a dimension.

Then, when you take everything back out, you collapse the extra fraction that you helped to create. When the things come back into normal 3-D space, they seem bigger in aggregate, they seem to have gained size in the process. The closet is now sprawling across an entire room. That difference is fractals. (It's also because the 3-D closet is now spread across a 2-D floor; but that doesn't account for all of it's 'enlargement', as the same phenomenon is experienced with filling a box truck on moving day).

If we could extrapolate this to the 4th dimension, what would we be talking about? Or do I need to be on acid to have that conversation. Maybe an easier question would be -- what does the airtight Tetris block have that the jumbled pile of pieces does not? (Well, it doesn't have air, obviously.) But besides that, it's the entropy. The block is ordered, and the pile disordered. The pile is a random mess, and the block an intelligent artifact.

I hadn't thought of my catch-all pantry closet as an intelligent artifact, yet here it is, an entropy-reversing portal that uses intelligence to loop out of it's limited dimensions.


Post Script:
It is still hard to see the pantry closet as having something to do with intelligence. Try taking it out and putting it all back so it fits. Then you'll see how much "intelligence" went into its arrangement. The difference is that in its natural state, the closet possesses an accumulated intelligence. Over time, as you use all the things in the closet, your intelligent behavior leaves its residue on the things in it. It is a storage depot, not of things, but of an arrangement.

Post Post Script:
[I start looking up these deepdream images and I have to post them all.]

link
link
[can't find source bc pinterest; thanks obama]


(Virtual Art) by Rein Bijlsma
link

Deep Dream Burger by Matthias Hauser

Style Transfer, which is not the same as DeepDream, but does use neural nets, i.e., robot brains. Link.


Wednesday, August 7, 2019

For Real Though


aka Full Meta
I know this is old news, but we have to document these things for posterity -- The real President of the United States verifies the authenticity of his twitter account by calling it The Real [President of the United States].

Image source: The Real Seal
Effective March 15, 2012, the management of the REAL® Seal program was transferred from the United Dairy Industry Association to National Milk Producers Federation. This transfer is symbolic of the renewed purpose. From helping consumers discriminate real from fake cheese on pizza, the new purpose of Real dairy products distinguishes animal milk from soy, rice and nut milk. (But nobody wants to say nut milk.)



Saturday, July 27, 2019

Empathic Intelligence and Digital Feelings


Making progress in the transition to cybernetic psycho-oppression, the Endocorporeal Datavore has released an ethical tribune to tame the wave of intelligentities at our doorstep.

In other words:
Google announces AI ethics panel
Mar 2019, BBC News
 
In a highly-cited thesis entitled Robots Should Be Slaves, Ms Bryson argued against the trend of treating robots like people.
"In humanising them," she wrote, "we not only further dehumanise real people, but also encourage poor human decision making in the allocation of resources and responsibility.
-Joanna Bryson
On the face of it, I think in the complete opposite direction. I think we need to be empathic to robots, because we already see them as people. Or to be more precise, we already personify them. Granted, it's the same as we do with a washing machine or even a car, but with robots it's different. We are making them in our own image, after all. We couldn't help that if we tried.

When that public service robot (DC?) fell into the pond, the articles joked that he offed himself on the first day on the job. Too stressful. How is that a good thing to model to those who look up to us, to poke fun at someone who has killed themselves. We know it's a robot, but kids don't know that. They don't know what anything means because we have to tell them first, to show them first. And if we treat things like crap, whether it's the washing machine or a pair of flip-flops, then they will treat things like crap too.

Not to mention, we're only a couple generations away from being robots ourselves. Prosthetic retinas, cochlear implants, pacemakers, exoskeletons. Did anyone not buy into the 'your cell phone is your exocortex' line by Jason Silva? We're already robots to some degree.

It is definitely good to hear what sounds to me like totally wrong and crazy talk, because this is an ethics panel, and you want to hear everything out there. We're still in such early phases of this, we want to shape the conversation to be as big as possible at this point. And I am pretty sure that Bryson's argument is one that needs to be digested at length, and not just from a small bite (she was chosen to be on this panel for a reason), so I look forward to getting more into it.

And while we're on the topic of empathic intelligence and robot feelings:
Britain's 'bullied' chatbots fight back
Mar 2019, BBC News

Service bots (chatbots) get abused. And I feel bad for them as I read this article.

Those who do research on these kinds of things say that humans are never-not going to test the boundaries. Like a child with their parent or a student and their teacher, we will always test the limits of another person. We do it to everyone in every relationship, but it's the asymmetrical ones where it's most evident (where one person has way more power than the other).

In the case of a chatbot, we also just want to test the believability. Sure they may have programmed this thing to help me return a defective dehumidifier, but did they program it to tell me to f*** off when I give it a hard time? How real is this thing?

Plum, a service chatbot who wants us to think xe's very real, is now programmed to respond: "I might be a robot but I have digital feelings. Please don't swear."

Digital. Feelings.