Showing posts with label music science. Show all posts
Showing posts with label music science. Show all posts

Monday, July 13, 2026

Musical Intermentality


Starting off here with an article that might not be about music proper, but it is about sounds and perception. Some people are hyperperceptive, some dull as a rock - anesthetic you could call it. Everyone else just thinks their house is haunted. 

You can't hear it, yet this sound may explain paranormal experiences
Apr 2026, phys.org

Infrasound is very low-frequency sound, below 20 Hertz (Hz), which humans typically can't hear. It can come from natural sources like storms, or from anthropogenic sources like traffic.

The scientists recruited 36 participants and invited them to sit alone in a room while either calming or unsettling music was played. For half the participants, hidden subwoofers played infrasound at 18 Hz. After listening, they were asked to report their feelings, their emotional rating of the music, and whether they thought the infrasound was present. They also gave saliva samples before and after listening.

The scientists found that participants' salivary cortisol levels were higher if they had been listening to infrasound. These participants also reported feeling more irritable and less interested, and thinking the music was sadder. But they couldn't tell they were listening to infrasound.

via MacEwan University: Infrasound Exposure is Linked to Aversive Responding, Negative Appraisal, and Elevated Salivary Cortisol in Humans, Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience (2026). DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2026.1729876

Image credit: Photographer Christopher Payne - Jelly Belly Fairfield CA - 2021


Popular song lyrics have become more negative since 1973, analysis reveals
Dec 2025, phys.org

Researchers analyzed the lyrics of the top 100 most popular English-language songs in the United States each week between 1973 and 2023 (20,186 songs), according to the Billboard Hot 100 chart. The authors found that, in general, the lyrics of popular songs have become simpler and more negative over time and contain more stress-related words.

However, they also found that the popularity of songs with more complex lyrics began to increase from 2016 onward and suggest that further research is needed to investigate the reasons for this.

When assessing potential factors influencing changes in listener lyric preferences, the authors did not identify associations with changes in median household income since 1973, but did identify some associations with major stressful events — such as the September 11, 2001, attacks and the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

These events were associated with lyrics becoming more complex and positive and containing fewer stress-related words, or with no significant changes in lyrics. The authors suggest that this could be due to more positive and complex music being used as a form of escapism during stressful periods.

via University of Vienna: Maurício Martins, Societal crises disrupt long-term increases in stress, negativity, and simplicity in US Billboard song lyrics from 1973 to 2023, Scientific Reports (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-28327-5.


Why some tunes stick: Mathematical symmetry helps explain catchy melodies
Feb 2026, phys.org

They simplified melodies into their essential note groups and examined how common musical changes affect 2 kinds structure - tonal and positional structure. These changes include transposition, which shifts a melody up or down; inversion, which flips it; retrograde, which reverses it; and translation, which moves it through time.

Their analysis revealed symmetrical relationships in many melodies that help explain why certain musical phrases feel cohesive and complete.

via University of Waterloo: Olga Ibragimova et al, Algebraic Applications in Investigation of Musical Symmetry, Springer Proceedings in Mathematics & Statistics (2025). DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-84869-8_5


From virtue to vice: How the morality of popular music lyrics has changed since the 1960s
Jun 2026, phys.org

The study examined two large popular music data sets spanning more than 60 years, making it the first study to chart moral content in song lyrics at this scale: more than 377,000 English-language songs covering 1960 to 2010 were filtered from the WASABI data set and complemented with 5,500 songs that made Billboard's year-end charts between 1960 and 2023.

Their analysis revealed a rise in expressions associated with moral vices such as harm, cheating, subversion and degradation, alongside increasing levels of negative sentiment, anger and disgust. At the same time, expressions linked to moral virtues such as care and decency became less prominent.

via Queen Mary University of London Center for Digital Music: Vjosa Preniqi et al, Evolution of moral expression in song lyrics, Scientific Reports (2026). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-026-53778-9


Pop song lyrics grew more self-focused in the US and Germany over 50 years, research reveals
Jun 2026, phys.org

Researchers have examined the possibility that global society may be becoming more self-centric by measuring how often different pronouns appear in cultural products such as books, movie scripts and lyrics. Compared with first-person plural pronouns, such as "we" and "us," a higher proportion of first-person singular pronouns, such as "I" and "me," can indicate greater self-focus.

(Shouldn't be a surprise to those familiar w the Hofstede's cultural dimensions model)

They found that self-focused language rose significantly between 1970 and 2019 in the U.S. and Germany—two more individualistic countries. Meanwhile, the use of self-focused language was relatively stable over time in the two more collectivist countries, Japan and Hong Kong.

via United Arab Emirates University and U of Aberdeen Scotland: Golubickis M, et al. Are societies becoming more self-centric? Evidence from five decades of popular music spanning three continents, PLOS One (2026). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0349765

*We are not a fan of academic collaborations with the UAE, because they're buying themselves a culture instead of growing it the old fashioned way, and we are old fashioned. 

Sunday, December 7, 2025

Musical Intent


Music things happen all the time in the world of science.

Computational musicology: Tracking the changing sound of bands
Jul 2025, phys.org

It is often believed that the older a musician gets, the more they start producing slower, more mellow material, but this is not what this study found. Variations in sound and rhythm continued to occur at different stages of the artists' music careers.

In the study, Radiohead were consistently more diverse than Coldplay harmonically, but not necessarily timbrally.

Overall, R.E.M. were generally the least adventurous in their musical style with Coldplay becoming increasingly part of the pop mainstream over time.

This research is part of a growing field called computational musicology, where computers are used to study music in new ways. By analyzing sound files directly, researchers can get a better understanding of how artists grow and change.

via Durham UniversityDepartment of Music: Nick Collins, Recording artist career comparison through audio content analysis, Royal Society Open Science (2025). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241647



Audio of Adam Driver and Scarlett Johansson arguments from Marriage Story used to scare off wolves in the US
Aug 2025, The Guardian

His teams employ “drone cowhands, whose quadcopters have thermal cameras that can reveal any wolf lurking in the darkness”. The predator is then spotlit and treated to audio blasted over a loudspeaker. Aside from Baumbach-scripted acid insults, tracks include fireworks, gunshots and AC/DC’s Thunderstruck.


Study maps the happiest and saddest national anthems from around the globe
Sep 2025, phys.org

Using machine learning and music information retrieval (MIR) on 176 national anthems, the team predicted the emotional profile of each anthem and identified clear global patterns.

  • anthems from the Americas were generally more tense and less positive than those from other regions
  • hierarchical (high power distance) cultures had more energetic anthems
  • individualistic cultures had anthems that were more tender and less tense

via University of Jyväskylä: Petri Toiviainen et al, The emotional geography of National anthems, Scientific Reports (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-08956-6


The older we get, the fewer favorite songs we have, study shows
Sep 2025, phys.org

  • Younger users listen to a wide range of contemporary popular music and follow trends in popular culture.
  • In the transition from adolescence to adulthood, music habits broaden - more artists and genres are explored, and listening becomes increasingly varied. 
  • With age, this spectrum narrows, while music choices become more personal and influenced by previous experiences.

 

The study is based on Last.fm data spanning 15 years and covering more than 40,000 users. The data contained over 542 million plays of more than 1 million different songs.

via University of Gothenburg, Jönköping University and University of Primorska: Arsen Matej Golubovikj et al, Soundtracks of Our Lives: How Age Influences Musical Preferences, Adjunct Proceedings of the 33rd ACM Conference on User Modeling, Adaptation and Personalization (2025). DOI: 10.1145/3708319.3733673


Global study shows why the songs from our teens leave a lasting mark on us
Oct 2025, phys.org

Every wedding dj knows this; but also there's the "25 year bump" as well, which for me doesn't hold up actually:

The "Reminiscence Bump" - our most emotionally resonant music tends to come from our teenage years, peaking around age 17; but men closer to 16 and women closer to 19

The "Cascading Reminiscence Bump" - both men and women often form deep connections to music released decades before they were born—typically from about 25 years earlier

On genres - Men often gravitate toward intense, rebellious genres that fuel teenage identity and independence—a phase that peaks early. Women, however, tend to engage with a wider spectrum of music, from pop to soul to classical, often using it also as a tool for strengthening social bonds. 

via University of Jyväskylä Finland: Iballa Burunat et al, Memory bumps across the lifespan in personally meaningful music, Memory (2025). DOI: 10.1080/09658211.2025.2557960


'Audible enclaves' could enable private listening without headphones
Mar 2025, phys.org

"We use two ultrasound transducers paired with an acoustic metasurface, which emit self-bending beams that intersect at a certain point. The person standing at that point can hear sound, while anyone standing nearby would not. This creates a privacy barrier between people for private listening."

via Pennsylvania State University College of Engineering: un, Audible enclaves crafted by nonlinear self-bending ultrasonic beams, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408975122.

Tuesday, April 8, 2025

On Making Music for Entropy's Sake


The above image comes from research by the music writer Ted Gioia, and is described in more detail below. 

As for the first article we see here, this question starts us off - are these scientists measuring the "natural" changing preference in our culture for less complex music, or are they simply measuring market forces? (A crippled market of course, which has no more growth potential, and which is cannibalizing itself, as described below.)

Using network science, study shows music has become less complex
Jan 2025, phys.org

Measuring the complexity of a piece of music - They began by thinking of each note as a node on a network and then connecting them using edges if they came directly one after another, then thickening the edges based on the number of times a single note transitioned to another. The more complex the series of notes, the more complex the music.

20,000 songs later, they found that classical music was more complex than modern music, with the exception of jazz.

The researchers also found that music of all kinds has slowly become simpler as time has passed, even classical and jazz. They were not able to explain why but suggested that technical advancements allowing more people to participate in composing songs may play a role. [I wonder how they cancel industry effects like consolidation of companies and risk avoidance, a la Ted Gioia)

 

via Sapienza University of Rome and the University of Padova: Niccolo' Di Marco et al, Decoding Musical Evolution Through Network Science, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2501.07557


Contrasting the above research, which comes from culturally hermetic academia, with the research below, which comes from a music writer who's also a musician and a bit more nuance in how the actual world of music works:

The Music Business is Healthy Again? Really?
Feb 2025, Ted Gioia

Instead of focusing on exciting new music, Spotify prefers to serve up AI slop (acquired on the cheap), fake artists, and lots of old songs.

This is a stark contrast to video streaming—where Netflix, Apple, Amazon, Disney, and others invest tens of billions of dollars annually in creating new films and series.

Music streamers don’t like creating content (that word, ugh!). Other people need to make those risky investments—not the streaming platform.


And he goes on to show announcements that both Warner Music and Universal have signed recently new deals with Spotify, without disclosing any financial details. His solution?

"Instead of bowing and scraping, they should cut off Spotify and launch their own streaming platform—run as a cooperative of labels and artists."

And lastly, he says even Spotify execs are selling their shares.


'Work flow' music designed to improve performance does just that
Feb 2025, phys.org

I hear "functional fragrance" but for music:

196 adult volunteers listened to various types of music and office background noise while conducting work tasks. The only type of music that helped performance was work flow, and it improved reaction time and mood. 

"Their work also shows that the people behind the creation of work flow music have done their homework in identifying the sounds and arrangements that can take attentional focus away from the music toward the task at hand. Such music, they note, tends to have a strong rhythm, simple tonality, moderate dynamism and broad spectral energy."

"The people" they're talking about are probably AI programs bought by a streaming company. At least that's my suspicion, so I looked. 

The first was “work flow” music sampled from a synonymous playlist on a music therapy app (spiritune.com). On spiritune's website, I read "Our scientific advisors and composers work together to deliver compositions optimized and adapted around those musical characteristics to help create tracks that work harder for your health." And when I hear "scientific advisor" I think "IP Thief Chief".

The second type was “deep focus” music, sampled from a synonymous playlist on a music streaming platform, and that would be Spotify. 

(Note: Neither work flow nor deep focus music had lyrics; and two additional audio conditions used were the “Hot 100” playlist published by an American music magazine, and “calm office noise”sampled from a synonymous sound generator on a website offering noise stimulation.)

via Department of Neuroscience at Georgetown University Medical Center, Stanford School of Medicine and Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Department of Psychology and Music and Audio Research Laboratory at NYU: Joan Orpella et al, Effects of music advertised to support focus on mood and processing speed, PLOS ONE (2025). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0316047

Post Script: "participants were recruited online using Amazon Mechanical Turk"; always good to remember who butters the bread.  

Further Reading: Muzak is Back

Friday, January 3, 2025

Entropy Engineering and Social Syncopation


Singing researchers find cross-cultural patterns in music and language
May 2024, phys.org

An international team of researchers recorded themselves performing traditional music and speaking in their native language. In all 50+ languages, the rhythms of songs and instrumental melodies were slower than those of speech, while the pitches were higher and more stable.

Speculating on underlying reasons for the cross-cultural similarities, Savage suggests songs are more predictably regular than speech because they are used to facilitate synchronization and social bonding.

"Slow, regular, predictable melodies make it easier for us to sing together in large groups," he says. "We're trying to shed light on the cultural and biological evolution of two systems that make us human: music and language."

via Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics in Nijmegen: Yuto Ozaki et al, Globally, songs and instrumental melodies are slower, higher, and use more stable pitches than speech: A Registered Report, Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9797. 



Neuroplasticity study shows how singing rehabilitates speech production in post-stroke aphasia
May 2024, phys.org

According to the findings, singing repairs the structural language network of the brain. The language network processes language and speech in our brain. In patients with aphasia, the network has been damaged.

"For the first time, our findings demonstrate that the rehabilitation of patients with aphasia through singing is based on neuroplasticity changes"

via University of Helsinki: Aleksi J. Sihvonen et al, Structural Neuroplasticity Effects of Singing in Chronic Aphasia, eNeuro (2024). DOI: 10.1523/ENEURO.0408-23.2024


Study shows the power of social connections to predict hit songs
Jun 2024, phys.org

The team analyzed data from last.fm, analyzing 2.7 million users, 10 million songs, and 300 million plays, along with networks of mapping friendships and another capturing influence dynamics (who listens to a song and who follows suit). 

Examining the first 200 plays of a new song, they predicted its chances of becoming a hit.

The researchers improved the precision of predicting hit songs from 14% to 21%.

Existing models often focus on artist fame and listening metrics, but the CSH study highlights the overlooked social aspect - musical homophily, which is the tendency for friends to listen to similar music.

via Complexity Science Hub Vienna: Niklas Reisz et al, Quantifying the impact of homophily and influencer networks on song popularity prediction, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58969-w


Understanding the synchronization of physiological states during a live music performance
Jul 2024, phys.org

"Music-induced synchronization of heart rate may be the mechanism underlying the coherent behavior of a large audience in a theater." 

Synchronization of physical and cognitive processes is better within an individual compared to that between different individuals; and heart rate synchronization in response to music depends on the reliable physiological responses of the listener, not on their mood or music preferences.

Note that in the study, to guage mood, they had participants in the study listen to the same piece of music on different days. And to quantify the influence of music preference on heart rate synchronization, he investigated whether a person listening to a piece of music selected by the researcher differed in synchronization response to a piece of music that deeply moves them when played in a randomized order.

Why - "From data on small audiences, for example, the degree of proficiency of performers, commercial success can be predicted in terms of reliability."

via Waseda University: Ryota Nomura, Reliability for music-induced heart rate synchronization, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-62994-0


Classical music lifts our mood by synchronizing our 'extended amygdala'
Aug 2024, phys.org

The study focused on 13 patients with treatment-resistant depression who already had electrodes implanted in their brains for the purpose of deep-brain stimulation. These implants are placed in a circuit connecting two areas in the forebrain—the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and the nucleus accumbens (NAc). Using these implants, the researchers found that music generates its antidepressant effects by synchronizing the neural oscillations between the auditory cortex, which is responsible for processing of sensory information, and the rewards circuit, which is responsible for processing emotional information.

The patients in the study were assigned to two groups: low music appreciation or high music appreciation. Those in the high music appreciation group demonstrated more significant neural synchronization and better antidepressant effects, while those in the low music appreciation group showed poorer results.  

via Center for Functional Neurosurgery at Shanghai Jiao Tong University: uditory entrainment coordinates cortical-BNST-NAc triple time locking to alleviate the depressive disorder, Cell Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114474. 

Intermission on sonic superpowers:
Singing from memory unlocks a surprisingly common musical superpower
Aug 2024, phys.org

They asked people to sing out any earworms they were experiencing and record them on their phones when prompted at random times throughout the day, and found the majority perfectly matched the pitch of the original songs.

"Surprisingly large portion of the population has a type of automatic, hidden 'perfect pitch' ability."

They think it depends on whether the music was recalled deliberately or as a result of an "earworm", which is why they asked people to record themselves as soon as they hear one in their head. So now they think there may be something unique about musical memories and the ways they are encoded and maintained inside our brains.

via University of California Santa Cruz: Matthew G. Evans et al, Absolute pitch in involuntary musical imagery, Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics (2024). DOI: 10.3758/s13414-024-02936-0


Below are a couple articles recalling the genius of Leonard B. Meyer

Bach, Mozart or jazz: Scientists provide a quantitative measure of variability in music pieces
Nov 2024, phys.org

They even mention Meyer in the write up: "According to Meyer, emotions and meaning in music arise from the interplay of expectations and their fulfillment or (temporary) non-fulfillment."

Sorry I have to copy mostly the whole thing, because this stuff is complicated:

They used time series analysis to infer how similar a tone sequence is to previous sequences (the autocorrelation function of musical pitch sequences).

They analyzed more than 450 jazz improvisations and 99 classical compositions, and found the autocorrelation function of pitches initially decreases slowly with the time difference. This expresses a high similarity and possibility to anticipate musical sequences. 

However, they found that there is a time limit, after which this similarity and predictability ends relatively abruptly. For larger time differences, the autocorrelation function and memory are both negligible.

Of particular interest here are the values of the transition times of the pieces where the more predictable behavior changes into a completely unpredictable and uncorrelated behavior. Depending on the composition or improvisation, the scientists found transition times ranging from a few quarter notes to about 100 quarter notes. Jazz improvisations typically had shorter transition times than many classical compositions, and therefore were usually less predictable.

Differences could also be observed between different composers. For example, the researchers found transition times between five and twelve quarter notes in various compositions by Johann Sebastian Bach, while the transition times in various compositions by Mozart ranged from eight to 22 quarter notes. This implies that the anticipation and expectation of the musical progression tends to last longer in Mozart's compositions than in Bach's compositions, which offer more variability and surprises.

via Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and the University of Göttingen: Corentin Nelias et al, Stochastic properties of musical time series, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-53155-y


Study explores how brain waves reflect melody predictions while listening to music
Nov 2024, phys.org

We aimed to disentangle the frequency-specific neural dynamics linked to melodic prediction uncertainty (modeled as entropy) and prediction error (modeled as surprisal) for temporal (note onset) and content (note pitch) information."

They recruited 20 participants, half of whom were professional pianists, to listen to 10 piano melodies extracted from the work of Johann Sebastian Bach, each lasting approximately 150 seconds, and while being recorded using electroencephalography (EEG).

"An analysis of the temporal response function (TRF) weights revealed that the temporal predictability of a note (entropy of note onset) may be encoded in the delta- (1–4 Hz) and beta-band (12–30 Hz) brain activity prior to the stimulus, suggesting that these frequency bands associate with temporal predictions."

via Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences: Juan-Daniel Galeano-Otálvaro et al, Neural encoding of melodic expectations in music across EEG frequency bands. European Journal of Neuroscience(2024). DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16581

Further Reading for Meyer-like things:

Monday, August 19, 2024

Music is the Math of Feelings


Whether you're a scientist or a musician, there's something semi-sacrilegious about studying the science of music. Music is spiritual, it's secretive, it's a folk art encompassing amateurs and experts alike. It's not supposed to be a bunch of cold hard math or esoteric entropic distribution matrices, that kind of takes the fun out of it. On the other hand, it's irresistible to think you could find laws of human behavior hiding in there, even laws of the universe! 

Music found to cause similar emotions and bodily sensations across cultures
Jan 2024, phys.org

  • Happy and danceable music was felt in the arms and legs
  • Tender and sad music was felt in the chest
  • Music with a clear beat was found happy and danceable
  • Dissonance in music was associated with aggressiveness

via University of Turku and University of Aalto in Finland and the University of Electronic Science and Technology of China: Vesa Putkinen et al, Bodily maps of musical sensations across cultures, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2024). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2308859121

Mostly unrelated image credit: AI Art - Graffiti Typography - 2024 And is that f*cking "pinterest watermark"??


Live music emotionally moves us more than streamed music, show researchers
Feb 2024, phys.org

  • Live performances trigger a stronger emotional response than listening to music from a device.
  • Concerts connect performers with their audience, which may also have to do with evolutionary factors.
  • A pianist changed the live music he or she was playing to intensify the emotional reactions in the amygdala.
  • Researchers used magnetic resonance imaging to measure the activity in the amygdala of 27 listeners as well as the performer in real time.
  • Based on these measurements, the pianist then immediately adapted his performance to intensify the audience's emotions further.
  • Listeners were played a recording of the same music performed by the same musician but without the neurofeedback loop.
  • Pleasant and unpleasant emotions performed as live music elicited much higher and more consistent activity in the amygdala than recorded music. 
  • The live performance also stimulated a more active exchange of information in the whole brain, which points to strong emotional processing in the affective and cognitive parts of the brain.
  • A strong synchronization between subjective emotional experience and the auditory brain system was only observed when the audience was listening to the live performance.
  • Only live music showed a strong and positive coupling between features of the musical performance and brain activity.

via University of Zurich: Trost, Wiebke et al, Live music stimulates the affective brain and emotionally entrains listeners in real time, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2024). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316306121.


Song lyrics have become simpler and more repetitive since 1980, study finds
Mar 2024, phys.org

They analyzed the lyrics of 12,000 English-language rap, country, pop, R&B, and rock songs (2,400 songs per genre) released between 1980 and 2020, with additional analyses of 12,000 song lyrics on the online song lyric platform Genius:

  • Lyrics have become simpler and easier to understand over time
  • The number of different words used within songs has decreased
  • The number of words with three or more syllables has increased in rap songs since 1980
  • General increases in the repetitiveness of lyrics may have led to lyrics becoming simpler overall
  • Lyrics have tended to become more emotional and personal over time
  • Both emotionally positive and negative words increased in rap songs
  • Emotionally negative lyrics increased for R&B, pop and country songs
  • All genres showed an increase in the use of anger-related words
  • The lyrics of older rock songs tend to be viewed more than those of newer rock songs
  • The lyrics of newer country songs tend to be viewed more than those of older country songs

via Department of Music Pedagogy at Nuremberg University of Music, Department of Computer Science at University of Innsbruck, Human-centered AI Group at Linz Institute of Technology, Austrian Research Institute for Artificial Intelligence: Eva Zangerle, Song lyrics have become simpler and more repetitive over the last five decades, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55742-x.


Why some types of music make people want to dance more than others
Mar 2024, phys.org

They discovered what they believe to be the mechanism in the brain that controls the desire to dance when prompted by music.

60 adult volunteers listened to 12 melodies with different degrees of syncopation and rated each based on their desire to get up and dance.

They found that melodies with a medium degree of syncopation caused the strongest desire to dance.

29 adults wore magnetoencephalography helmets while they listened to different kinds of music. 

The researchers found that the auditory cortex primarily focused on rhythm, while the dorsal auditory pathway appeared to match the rhythm to the beat.

This, the researchers suggest, indicates that the music-prompted desire to dance likely happens within that pathway, from which it is then passed on to motor areas that act on the impulse.

Final thought - The researchers suggest their work cumulatively shows that the sudden desire to dance prompted by music with a medium amount of syncopation is the brain's attempt to anticipate beats among the syncopation — it causes the body to literally lean forward repeatedly. (You mean like Rain Man?)

via Aix Marseille Université in France and the University of Connecticut: Arnaud Zalta et al, Neural dynamics of predictive timing and motor engagement in music listening, Science Advances (2024). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi2525


Body mapping links responses to music with degree of uncertainty and surprise
Apr 2024, phys.org

Researchers asked 527 participants to map where they felt sensations in their bodies and the emotions they had while listening to 92 unique chord progressions with varying degrees of uncertainty and surprise.

"Prediction and uncertainty affect heart and abdominal sensations"
  • Certain chord progressions sparked sensations in the heart while others were felt more in the stomach
  • Certain chords evoked aesthetic appreciation, leading to a decline in negative emotions of awkwardness and anxiety
  • More predictable chord progressions brought on feelings of calmness, relief, satisfaction, nostalgia, and empathy

I wonder what chord progressions they're looking at, but they created an algorithm for chord progression, and as an untrained musician, it doesn't translate for me, although someone with a better understanding might get it.

Here's the algorithm:

These chord progressions were generated using a statistical-learning model to compute the Shannon information content and entropy, based on transitional probabilities of each chord using a corpus of 890 pop songs from the US Billboard.

Here's two samples of their chord progressions:

(1) sLuL-sLuL sequence (Figure 1A) representing the condition where the 1st–3rd chords have low surprise and uncertainty and the 4th chord has low surprise and uncertainty.

(2) sLuL-sHuL sequence (Figure 1B) representing the condition where the 1st-3rd chords have low surprise and uncertainty and the 4th chord has high surprise and low uncertainty.

(There are 8 progressions in total, with variations on this theme)

On entropy, from the paper itself:

Entropy gauges the perceptual uncertainty a listener feels in predicting an “upcoming” chord based on prior chords, while information content quantifies the surprise experienced upon hearing the actual chord.
^This is the old Anatomy of a Joke formula.

via University of Tokyo: Bodily Maps of Uncertainty and Surprise in Musical Chord Progression and the Underlying Emotional Response, iScience (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.109498.


Sad music study tests the direct effect hypothesis of 'pleasurable negative emotion'
Apr 2024, phys.org

Yeah this is weird

Participants were asked to imagine if their sadness could be "removed" when listening to the music - which the majority self-reported they could do.

"We know that many people are quite apt when it comes to thought experiments, so it's a reasonable approach to use and, at worst, it should produce no results"

After the imagined removal of sadness, participants were asked if they liked the piece of music any differently: 82% said that removing the sadness reduced their enjoyment of the music.

"Experiencing a wide range of emotions in a more or less safe environment could help us learn how to deal with what we encounter in the world."

"Previous studies refer to an 'indirect effect hypothesis,' which means that people may experience sadness, but it is something else they enjoy - being moved."

via University of New South Wales: Emery Schubert et al, Liking music with and without sadness: Testing the direct effect hypothesis of pleasurable negative emotion, PLOS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299115

Thursday, November 30, 2023

Music Science and the Mathematical Language of the Universe


But First:

Stressed plants emit airborne sounds that can be detected from more than a meter away
Mar 2023, phys.org

Tomato and tobacco plants that are stressed -- from dehydration or having their stems severed -- emit sounds that are comparable in volume to normal human conversation, and sound like bubble wrap, but in a fequency we can't hear, at 30–50 clicks per hour at random intervals.

via Tel Aviv University: Lilach Hadany, Sounds emitted by plants under stress are airborne and informative, Cell (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2023.03.009.



New research shows how cultural transmission shapes the evolution of music
Mar 2023, phys.org

The Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics; their study design was awesome:

The researchers used singing experiments to study music evolution in an unprecedented detail: testing the evolution of more than 3,400 melodies sung by around 1,800 participants from India and North America. To simulate music evolution, they used a method similar to the classic game of "broken telephone," where messages are passed from one participant to the next.

In this case, melodies had to be passed from one to the next by singing. Over time, participants make mistakes in their efforts to repeat the melodies they hear, which gradually shapes the evolution of music towards melodies that are appealing and easy to learn by everyone.

They call it the transmission bias, and they found US participants tended to produce melodies that were biased towards certain cultural conventions of Western music, whereas Indian participants showed a bias towards common Indian scales.

via Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics: Manuel Anglada-Tort et al, Large-scale iterated singing experiments reveal oral transmission mechanisms underlying music evolution, Current Biology (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.02.070


Here comes the sun: New study shows how UK weather conditions influence music success in the markets
May 2023, phys.org

The research, which analyzed over 23,000 songs that reached the UK weekly top charts in the last 70 years, found that songs that were energetic, danceable, and evoked positive emotions such as joy and happiness were positively associated with warm and sunny weather and negatively associated with rainy and cold months. Similarly, energetic and positive music varied according to expected seasonal patterns in the UK, increasing in summer and decreasing in winter.

BUT - hyper popular songs exhibited the strongest associations with weather fluctuations, less popular songs showed no relationship at all. 

AND - only music features reflecting high intensity and positive emotions were associated with weather conditions, whereas music features reflecting low intensity and negative emotions were not related to weather at all. This suggests that negative emotional states may be more influenced by individual situational factors rather than general environmental conditions.

via University of Oxford: Manuel Anglada-Tort et al, Here comes the sun: music features of popular songs reflect prevailing weather conditions, Royal Society Open Science (2023). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.221443


Research shows why our taste in music can't be siloed into catch-all genres
Jun 2023, phys.org

That one trick: "The pop music people liked best was from the decade during which they were around 20 years old." (Learned this from a wedding DJ, many years ago.)

Also: Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics (exists).

Other results: "By systematically recording liking at genre and sub-genre levels, the researchers obtained a more differentiated picture of musical taste. ... Across all genres, subtypes that represented the mainstream variant were generally preferred over more challenging alternatives."

via Max Planck Institute for Empirical Aesthetics: ou don't know a person('s taste) when you only know which genre they like: Taste differences within five popular music genres based on sub-genres and sub-styles, Frontiers in Psychology (2023). DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1062146



Brain2Music taps thoughts to reproduce music
Jul 2023, phys.org
https://techxplore.com/news/2023-07-brain2music-thoughts-music.html

Music samples covering 10 genres including rock, classical, metal, hip-hop, pop and jazz were played for five subjects while researchers observed their brain activity under functional MRI (fMRI). This data trained a model to match the music and the brain waves. But then, another machine, this one trained on music-text data to generate music from text prompts, is combined with the brains-on-music model. The two models mix and match so that "the generated music resembles the musical stimuli that human subjects experienced, with respect to semantic properties like genre, instrumentation and mood".

In other words, with your own machine like this, you would be able to make music just by thinking about it. 

Also noted: despite advances in text-to-music models, "their internal processes are still poorly understood." 

via Google and Osaka University: Timo I. Denk et al, Brain2Music: Reconstructing Music from Human Brain Activity, arXiv (2023). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2307.11078


Brain recordings capture musicality of speech, with help from Pink Floyd
Aug 2023, phys.org

The phrase "All in all it was just a brick in the wall" comes through recognizably in the reconstructed song, its rhythms intact, and the words muddy, but decipherable. This is the first time researchers have reconstructed a recognizable song from brain recordings of 29 patients. [you can actually hear the re-construction at the link above]. From some of the people who brought the first reconstruction of the words a person was hearing from recordings of brain activity alone (2012).

Also about left brain vs right brain, language vs music, pinpoint vs field action --

Bellier emphasized that the study, which used artificial intelligence to decode brain activity and then encode a reproduction, did not merely create a black box to synthesize speech. He and his colleagues were also able to pinpoint new areas of the brain involved in detecting rhythm, such as a thrumming guitar, and discovered that some portions of the auditory cortex -- in the superior temporal gyrus, located just behind and above the ear -- respond at the onset of a voice or a synthesizer, while other areas respond to sustained vocals.

"Language is more left brain. Music is more distributed, with a bias toward right," Knight said.

"It wasn't clear it would be the same with musical stimuli," Bellier said. "So here we confirm that that's not just a speech-specific thing, but that's it's more fundamental to the auditory system and the way it processes both speech and music."

via University of California Berkeley, Albany Medical Center: Music can be reconstructed from human auditory cortex activity using nonlinear decoding models, PLoS Biology (2023). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002176




What's love got to do with it? An exception to the recognition of musical themes
Sep 2023, phys.org

(I am so confused by this study)

Researchers played 14-second snippets of vocals in 31 languages from a bank of songs that originated from a host of cultures to more than 5,000 people from 49 countries. The research team included subjects not only from the industrialized world, but more than 100 individuals who live in three small, relatively isolated groups of no more than 100.

They then asked the listeners to rank the likelihood of each sample as being one of four music types: dance, lullabies, "healing" music, or love music. People from all cultures could easily identify all except love songs -- only 12 of 28 groups could recognize love songs.

(Is it the point of the study to prove that a love song is determined by its lyrics rather than by its musical style? Confused.)

"One reason for this could be that love songs may be a particularly fuzzy category that includes songs that express happiness and attraction, but also sadness and jealousy," said lead author Lidya Yurdum, who works as research assistant at the Yale Child Study Center and is also a graduate student at the University of Amsterdam. "Listeners who heard love songs from neighboring countries and in languages related to their own actually did a little better, likely because of the familiar linguistic and cultural clues."

But other than love songs, the authors discovered, the listeners' "ratings were largely accurate, consistent with one another, and not explained by their linguistic or geographical proximity to the singer—showing that musical diversity is underlain by universal psychological phenomena."

via Yale: Lidya Yurdum et al, Universal interpretations of vocal music, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2218593120


Research demonstrates the power of rhythm as a design element in evolution and robotics
Oct 2023, phys.org

Varying the rhythm of movement -- the music of how the pieces move together over time -- is a new way of designing robot movement. For example, the breaststroke is characterized by three time-intervals: a slow period of reaching forward, a fast period of pushing backward and a static period of coasting. For optimum performance, the lengths of time for those intervals typically go long, fast, long. But in certain situations—outracing or outmaneuvering a predator, for example—the ratios of those periods change drastically.

The work builds on research Bejan published nearly 20 years ago, where he demonstrated that size and speed go hand-in-hand across the entire animal kingdom whether on land, in the air or under water. The physics underlying that work dealt with weight falling forward from a given animal's height over and over again. In this paper, Bejan shows that his previous work was incomplete, and that all animals, robots and other moving things can further optimize their mechanics by adding an element of rhythm.

It is yet another example of how good design—whether made by humans or through natural evolution—is truly a form of art."

via Duke University: A. Bejan et al, Locomotion rhythm makes power and speed, Scientific Reports (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41023-6

Wednesday, March 8, 2023

Musical Memetics


Psychologists reveal the secrets behind song popularity
Nov 2022, phys.org

Simple is popular -- if it's easy to process, it catches on. 

"Similarly, there is research suggesting wine bottle labels with pictures are processed more easily than labels with text only and are also associated with higher purchase intent and perceived product quality," said Dr. Krause.

When you go to school for art history, your visual literacy works on a completely different level; I absolutely do not judge wine bottles on image vs text, instead I lump them all into the same category of design quality, seeing text as imagery for example...

They call it "processing fluency", and for visual things, I used to call it visual literacy. For music, the processing fluency was rated by readability, presence of rhyme, and complexity. The 270 top five songs appearing on the United Kingdom chart for each week from 1999 to 2014 were assessed in terms of peak chart position and duration on the chart.

The fluency factor predicted peak popularity but not their duration on the chart.

"It's tempting to speculate that this may arise because simple lyrics lead to the songs being quickly perceived as boring or repetitive, so that while the lyrics are quickly understood, they are also quick to lose their high level of popularity," said Dr. Krause.

Also reminds me of the baby name cycle, a simple heuristic for memetic dynamics

via James Cook University in Australia: Sorcha Melvill-Smith et al, Song popularity and processing fluency of lyrics, Psychology of Music (2022). DOI: 10.1177/03057356221118400


Thursday, April 7, 2022

Hyperdisciplinary


After nearly a decade, an interdisciplinary collaboration to model a 3D spider web leads to many surprising results
Aug 2021, phys.org

Rare hyperdisciplinary amalgam of art, music, science, and spider webs.

This article is as long as it is crazy; I tried to cut a few pieces here. It's written by a Anya Ventura for MIT, and is a massive case study on how to do interdisciplinary work, very inspiring:

First, the arachnophilic artist Tomàs Saraceno came to MIT in 2012 as the inaugural Center for Art, Science, & Technology (CAST) visiting artist; then materials scientist Markus Buehler, the McAfee Professor of Engineering at MIT, had been studying orb webs for years, and had long been interested in the intersection of materials and music.

Using an approach to mathematics called category theory, he showed how natural hierarchical materials like spider silk exhibit properties comparable to various forms of music, in terms of their hierarchical structure and function. Soon, a collaboration was born. A computer model and simulation of the data generated by Saraceno's spider web scans could not only accurately visualize the web but replicate its internal structure, gaining precise information about every single silk thread.

Over the years, Buehler and Saraceno refined the three-dimensional models, using increasingly advanced imaging and simulation techniques. In the near decade that followed, with the support of CAST, their model of the spiderweb has led to an enormous array of undertakings, both together and with their respective labs: a digital web archive, a virtual reality simulation, live musical performances and "cosmic jam" sessions with spiders and their webs, multiple peer-reviewed scientific research papers on the spiderweb's structural and mechanical properties, sonifications of spider silk proteins, 3D-printed spider silk, and an app for citizen arachnophiles that launched the 2019 Venice Biennale, among other projects. 

Arachnophilia Research Laboratory

"Tomàs always had this dream of a collective instrument based on the spiderweb," says Ziporyn, composer, clarinetist and faculty director of CAST. "It was a kind of cosmic drum circle, as he conceived it."

Saraceno's studio was a freewheeling ensemble of designers, architects, anthropologists, biologists, engineers, art historians, curators, and musicians. "It had a crazy sort of Andy Warhol Factory meets Eastern European startup vibe," says Ziporyn.

via MIT: Isabelle Su et al, In situ three-dimensional spider web construction and mechanics, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2021). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2101296118

Image credit: Hybrid solitary social semi-social musical instrument Apus, built by one Nephila clavipes-six days- a small commuity of Stegudyphus duffori-four months-and six cyrtophora citricola sipiderlings-two weeks, Tomas Saraceno, 2015 [link]


What was really the secret behind Van Gogh's success?
Sep 2021, phys.org

This is about "hot streaks" - they found that hot streaks are a pendulum of exploration and exploitation, which should be familiar in other network effects, like foraging.

Too much exploitation of what you've already learned, and your stuff gets old. Yet, too much exploration into new and interesting things, and you're wasting time.

They give the example of Vincent Can Gogh studying diverse styles of art or diverse subject matter, and then switching to a zoomed-in area where they take what they've learned and execute something novel. Before 1888, he was all over the place, but between then and 1890, he did Starry Night and the Sunflowers, some of his most famous work.

They used 800,000 images from museums and galleries covering 2,128 artists; 79,000 films on IMDB by 4,337 directors. 20,040 scientists' career histories using Web of Science and Google Scholar. Hot streaks were measured using auction price, IMDB ratings and academic paper citations. Once they identified hot streaks, they looked 4 years before and after to see what happened around that time, what were their patterns of exploration and exploitation. They found that hot streaks last about 5 years. 

via Northwestern University: Understanding the onset of hot streaks across artistic, cultural, and scientific careers, Nature Communications (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25477-8

 Siggraph light painting by Serpiva et al 2021

DronePaint - A human-swarm interaction system for environment exploration and artistic painting
Sep 2021, phys.org

A more intuitive approach for controlling robot swarms. Just what we asked for. 

Also, the image is long-exposure light painting. 

They made a system for human-swarm interactions that allows users to directly control the movements of a team of drones in complex environments. It recognizes human gestures and adapts the drones' trajectories accordingly. It could simplify the operation of drones on behalf of both expert and non-expert users.

It's that simple -- they've designed a way to allow you to control swarms of drones with pre-programmed hand gestures, or any kind of gestures, and eventually just the thoughts of gestures.

"In the future we are also planning to devise systems to read imagined hand gestures from posterior parietal cortex (PPC), using BMI,"
-Dzmitry Tsetserukou, Professor, Ph.D., Head of Intelligent Space Robotics Laboratory at Skoltech

via Skolkovo Institute of Science and Technology (Skoltech) in Russia Valerii Serpiva, DronePaint: Swarm light painting with DNN-based gesture recognition (2021). arXiv:2107.11288v1 [cs.RO], arxiv.org/abs/2107.11288


Genesis Uses A Record 3,281 Drones To Create A Magical Light Show In China, 2021

Genesis company deployed 3281 flashing drones in the night sky, breaking the previous world record.


Banksy's Love is in the Bin sells for record £16m
Oct 2021, BBC News

We already know about how Banksy programmed his art to self-destruct at the sound of the auction hammer, but I haven't heard it be described like this until now:

"Unexpected piece of performance art"

Also, "Our work was inspired by several previously developed systems that integrated drones in art, like DroneGraffiti and BitDrones," Serpiva said.


People listen to streamed music during specific blocks of time
Nov 2021, phys.org

  • People who listen to streamed music on online services tend to do so during the same specific blocks of time each day—though there is more variation on the weekends
  • Volume lower first thing in the morning, and then turned it up as their morning went on
  • Tempo of the music people were listening to was slow during the day but then picked up at night, eventually morphing into music fit for dancing

via Aarhus University and The Royal Academy of Music Aarhus/Aalborg: Ole Adrian Heggli et al, Diurnal fluctuations in musical preference, Royal Society Open Science (2021). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.210885

Dali Key On The Plate

Sleep technique improves creative thinking
Dec 2021, phys.org

The key on the plate trick works.

Also, this in-between brain-state, typically called hypnopompic or hypnogogic, is referred to here as N1, and as opposed to REM or deep sleep.

via Sorbonne Université: Célia Lacaux et al, Sleep onset is a creative sweet spot, Science Advances (2021). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abj5866


Neural network can distinguish the characteristic brush strokes of individual painters
Dec 2021, phys.org

Could help authorities identify forgeries better. 

It's different because it looks at the topography of the brushstrokes, the 3-D part of the painting., which should make sense, because adding another dimension multiplies the data. This network is 95% accurate using only a brushstroke the size of a single bristle. 

via the Materials for Opto/Electronics Research and Education at Case Western Reserve University: F. Ji et al, Discerning the painter's hand: machine learning on surface topography, Heritage Science (2021). DOI: 10.1186/s40494-021-00618-w


Analysis of Japanese and English folk songs finds cross-cultural regularities in music evolution
Feb 2022, phys.org

They first defined folk songs as those that have been transmitted orally from one generation to the next. Then they tracked insertions and deletions to songs over time:
  • Insertions or deletions were more common than substitutions
  • The impact on the songs from such insertions and deletions was more profound in the Japanese songs
  • Changes to notes that played a major role in the folk songs over time were less likely to occur than those that played a more minor role, regardless of language

via Faculty of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Japan; School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford; Department of Musicology, Tokyo University of the Arts;  Centre for Ecology & Conservation, University of Exeter; School of Psychology, University of Auckland, New Zealand: Patrick E. Savage et al, Sequence alignment of folk song melodies reveals cross-cultural regularities of musical evolution, Current Biology (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2022.01.039