Showing posts with label digital twins. Show all posts
Showing posts with label digital twins. Show all posts

Saturday, April 12, 2025

The Mirror Looks Back


Mom horrified by Character.AI chatbots posing as son who died by suicide
Mar 2025, Ars Technica

First, her son dies "by suicide - allegedly manipulated by chatbots posing as adult lovers and therapists".

But then, shit I'll just copy this part "this is not the first time Character.AI has turned a blind eye to chatbots modeled off of dead teenagers to entice users...",  Tech Justice Law Project.

This reminds me of the Omegle problem: 'I'm being used as sex-baiting bot' on video chat site. Apr 2021, BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-56668156



Dad demands OpenAI delete ChatGPT’s false claim that he murdered his kids
Mar 2025, Ars Technica

As an aside, a great comment by Ars Forum user Apple fanboy 101:
"Something that can't unlearn false information isn't intelligent."

High social media use linked to delusional disorders
Mar 2025, phys.org

I know this isn't AI, it's social media, but come on, it's the same thing:

This is a literature review of 2,500 publications on social media use and psychiatric disorders, and it found that delusions were by far the most prevalent type of psychiatric disorders related to high social media use, and in particular, these:  
  • narcissistic personality disorder (delusions of superiority)
  • erotomania (delusions that someone famous loves you)
  • body dysmorphic disorder (delusions of flaws in some part of one's body)
  • anorexia (delusions about body size)
The virtual worlds — coupled with social isolation in "real life" — create environments where people can maintain a delusional sense of self identity without scrutiny. Also, platforms sustain and exacerbate mental and physical delusions, by enabling self-presentation in self-promoting but inaccurate ways.

via Simon Fraser University: Nancy Yang et al, I tweet, therefore I am: a systematic review on social media use and disorders of the social brain, BMC Psychiatry (2025). DOI: 10.1186/s12888-025-06528-6

Sunday, March 23, 2025

Digital Double Definition in Doubt


As awareness of digital twins grows, so does its definition, as well as its warnings, but so does its results. We're right here in the middle between pre-hype and post-hype:

Digital twins of the Earth: Researchers are critical of the term
Dec 2024, phys.org

FYI - The Destination Earth project was launched in 2022 as a key pillar of the European Commission's efforts towards the Green Deal, and wants a digital simulation of the Earth. The German Federal Agency for Carthography and Geodesy is working on a digital, intelligent 3D image of Germany and the German federal state of Rhineland-Palatinate is running a digital "hydro-twin" project.

These scientists are trying to add to the conversation:
They point out the lack of a clear definition of the term "digital twin of the Earth," which may be misleading. "All digital representations of our planet are model representations. As such, they will always be detached from reality—as a map can never fully replicate the land it depicts" and "suggests that we can create a digital representation that allows us to stress-test the structural properties of the Earth system with any desired degree of accuracy and precision" and as that is not the case, "as every model is a simplification of reality, and its creation requires simplifying assumptions that will unavoidably lead to uncertainties." Also, "the creation of new models with higher resolutions will not necessarily lead to an improvement in knowledge and results; and new complex models need new methodologies that will enable researchers to apply them."

via Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz: Robert Reinecke et al, How to use the impossible map – Considerations for a rigorous exploration of Digital Twins of the Earth, Socio-Environmental Systems Modelling (2024). DOI: 10.18174/sesmo.18786

Image credit: The above image is a first, I believe, where the authors of a science paper used a generative network to make a press release thumbnail image for their article, which happens to be about the union of humans and AI. The credit is titled: "Credit: By the authors" [link] and it comes from the Carnegie Mellon Robotics Institute.


Digital twin research finds colon cancer cells can be reverted to normal cells
Dec 2024, phys.org

Results already, so we're in the next phase of the digital twin hype, where it's not hype anymore. 

via The Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology: Jeong‐Ryeol Gong et al, Control of Cellular Differentiation Trajectories for Cancer Reversion, Advanced Science (2024). DOI: 10.1002/advs.202402132

Monday, February 3, 2025

The Economy of Self Ingestion and Digital Replica Management


The self-replicate never sounded so good. 

Senate’s NO FAKES act hopes to make unauthorized “digital replicas” illegal
Aug 2024, Ars Technica

Nurture Originals, Foster Art, and Keep Entertainment Safe (NO FAKES) Act of 2024. [link]

The NO FAKES Act would create legal recourse for people whose digital representations are created without consent. It would hold both individuals and companies liable for producing, hosting, or sharing these unauthorized digital replicas, including those created by generative AI. Due to generative AI technology that has become mainstream in the past two years, creating audio or image media fakes of people has become fairly trivial, with easy photorealistic video replicas likely next to arrive.

To protect a person's digital likeness, the NO FAKES Act introduces a "digital replication right" that gives individuals exclusive control over the use of their voice or visual likeness in digital replicas. This right extends 10 years after death, with possible five-year extensions if actively used. It can be licensed during life and inherited after death, lasting up to 70 years after an individual's death. Along the way, the bill defines what it considers to be a "digital replica":

DIGITAL REPLICA - The term "digital replica" means a newly created, computer-generated, highly realistic electronic representation that is readily identifiable as the voice or visual likeness of an individual that - (A) is embodied in a sound recording, image, audiovisual work, including an audiovisual work that does not have any accompanying sounds, or transmission - (i) in which the actual individual did not actually perform or appear; or (ii) that is a version of a sound recording, image, or audiovisual work in which the actual individual did perform or appear, in which the fundamental character of the performance or appearance has been materially altered; and (B) does not include the electronic reproduction, use of a sample of one sound recording or audiovisual work into another, remixing, mastering, or digital remastering of a sound recording or audiovisual work authorized by the copyright holder.


Post Script:
Digital twin method can boost wireless network speed and reliability
Jul 2024, phys.org and written by Matt Shipman the original

"Systems can't put everything in edge caches, and storing too much redundant data on an edge server can slow down the server if the data are using too many computational resources. As a result, systems are constantly making decisions about which data packages to store and which data packages can be evicted.

The new edge caching optimization method, called D-REC, uses a digital twin to take real-time data from the wireless network and uses it to conduct simulations to predict which data are most likely to be requested by users. These predictions are then sent back to the network to inform the network's edge caching decisions. Because the simulations are performed by a computer that is outside of the network, this does not slow down network performance.

via North Carolina State University: Zifan Zhang et al, Digital Twin-Assisted Data-Driven Optimization for Reliable Edge Caching in Wireless Networks, IEEE Journal on Selected Areas in Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1109/JSAC.2024.3431575

Friday, September 27, 2024

Digital Winning


They say digital twins are the future. At first we were talking about making models of industrial or fabrication processes, so that we can study the model in a way we can't study the real thing. And that's still happening, and will continue to happen until we have an entire Earth that's a replica of the original (which we're already making by the way), but now we've got digital twins of people. 

Digital twins of people are already out there for medical purposes, so they can run a chemotherapy treatment on your simulation, to know in advance if it will work. But now we're talking about real time digital twins based not on your genetics or your phenotype, but on your behavior and the way you talk. They will be trained on you, all of you, the way the models are now trained on the entire Internet's worth of data. And so now is the time for you to start thinking about what that insurance policy will look like and which one will be right for you. Wouldn't want anyone breaching that dataset now would you?

Digital twin helps optimize manufacturing speed while satisfying quality constraints
May 2024, phys.org

The algorithm achieved that goal, with an experimental test of the method reducing the cycle time by 38% for a 3-axis desktop CNC machine tool and by 17% for a desktop 3D printer.

The researchers developed the method using a digital twin, a virtual model that mimics the behavior of a real system, based on the physics of the machine and data collected in real-time from sensors.

via University of Michigan College of Engineering: Heejin Kim et al, Intelligent Feedrate Optimization Using an Uncertainty-Aware Digital Twin Within a Model Predictive Control Framework, IEEE Access (2024). DOI: 10.1109/ACCESS.2024.3384471



Controlling chaos using edge computing hardware: Digital twin models promise advances in computing
May 2024, phys.org

Digital twins meets reservoir computing - I'm having a hard time figuring out what's going on here, but it sounds like you can reduce the compute of a system controller by creating a digital twin of the system, and computing on it (machine-learning-it) using this new chip, which is some kind of reservoir computer. But they created the model for using such a chip, not the chip itself?

via Ohio State University: Robert M. Kent et al, Controlling chaos using edge computing hardware, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-48133-3


Zoom CEO envisions AI deepfakes attending meetings in your place
May 2024, Ars Technica

Now we need to distinguish between digital twins for industry, like models of fabrication processes etc, and digital twins for people, like ... digital twins for people:

Instead of relying on a generic LLM to impersonate you, in the future, people will train custom LLMs to simulate each person.

"Sometimes I want to join, so I join. If I do not want to join, I can send a digital twin to join. That’s the future."

The future.


Researchers create 'digital babies' to improve infant health care
Jun 2024, phys.org

The team created 360 advanced computer models that simulate the unique metabolic processes of each baby. The digital babies are the first sex-specific computational whole-body models representing newborn and infant metabolism with 26 organs, six cell types, and more than 80,000 metabolic reactions.

via University of Galway's Digital Metabolic Twin Centre and Heidelberg University: Elaine Zaunseder et al, Personalized metabolic whole-body models for newborns and infants predict growth and biomarkers of inherited metabolic diseases, Cell Metabolism (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2024.05.006


Future-self chatbot gives users a glimpse of the life ahead of them
Jun 2024, phys.org

Allows users to chat with a potential version of their future selves.

The research team found mostly positive results—most users reported feeling more optimistic about their future and more connected to their future selves. And one of the researchers, after a session with the new bot, found himself more aware of the limited amount of time he would have with his parents and began to spend more time with them.

via MIT and KASIKORN Labs in Thailand: Pat Pataranutaporn et al, Future You: A Conversation with an AI-Generated Future Self Reduces Anxiety, Negative Emotions, and Increases Future Self-Continuity, arXiv (2024). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2405.12514


Clinical study shows zebrafish avatars of cancer patients have high predictive power
Jun 2024, phys.org

Already exists - zAvatars - avatars of cancer patients to help guide therapeutic decisions.

To create the avatars, the researchers inject tumoral cells taken from patients directly into the zebrafish embryos. 

via Cancer Development and Innate Immune Evasion Group at the Champalimaud Foundation: Bruna Costa et al, Zebrafish Avatar-test forecasts clinical response to chemotherapy in patients with colorectal cancer, Nature Communications (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49051-0


Monday, July 15, 2024

Halving, Selving, and Other Words for Self Replication


A digital twin system that could enhance collaborative human-robot product assembly
Dec 2023, phys.org

The digital twin system creates a virtual replica of a scene in which a human and robot agent are collaborating, and plans effective collaborative strategies and executes them in a real-world environment; whereas previous systems relying on motion capture sensors struggle with occlusions, this one uses a human mesh recovery algorithm to reconstruct occluded human bodies.

via Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics in China: Zequn Zhang et al, Enabling collaborative assembly between humans and robots using a digital twin system, Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.rcim.2023.102691.

Partially related image credit: AI Art - AI Mark Zuckerberg Drinking Tea - 2024


First demonstration of predictive control of fusion plasma by digital twin
Jan 2024, phys.org

They're using a digital twin of a fusion reactor.

via Graduate School of Engineering at Kyoto University, National Institute for Fusion Science, of Natural Sciences, of Statistical Mathematics, and of Data Science Research, all in Japan: Yuya Morishita et al, First application of data assimilation-based control to fusion plasma, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-49432-3


New 'digital twin' Earth technology could help predict water-based natural disasters before they strike
Mar 2024, phys.org

They developed digital twin case studies for the terrestrial water cycle in the Mediterranean Basin using new satellite data that measures soil moisture, precipitation, evaporation, river discharge, and snow depth as often as once a kilometer and once an hour.

via National Research Council of Italy: A Digital Twin of the terrestrial water cycle: a glimpse into the future through high-resolution Earth observations, Frontiers in Science (2024). DOI: 10.3389/fsci.2023.1190191

Thursday, January 11, 2024

Activate the Self Replicate


This day is a seminal moment in the life of this weblog -- this is the closest we've ever come to seeing the word "self-replicate" in the news.

They refer to it as "digital replication", "living individual replicas", and "digital doppelgänger" but the concept has become a tightly arranged crystal of thought-parts. The idea of multiple, simultaneous instances of a single original self is now well-formed. 

What's better is that this was published in The Conversation, which is a general audience magazine not a science journal, or a science fiction story for that matter:

Image credit: Try not to do this often but this is not the first time this image has been used as a thumbnail: René Magritte, Not to Be Reproduced (La reproduction interdite, 1937


AI clones made from user data pose uncanny risks
Jun 2023, phys.org

This mirror image of an individual created by artificial intelligence is referred to as an "AI clone." Our study dives into the murky waters of what these AI clones could mean for our self-perception, relationships and society. 

We presented 20 participants with eight speculative scenarios involving AI clones. The participants were diverse in ages and backgrounds, and reflected on their emotions and the potential impacts on their self-perception and relationships.

What we fear:
  • Digital counterparts could exploit and displace their identity
  • Threat of identity fragmentation
  • Lastly, participants expressed concerns about what we described as "living memories." This relates to the danger posed when a person interacts with a clone of someone they have an existing relationship with. Participants worried that it could lead to a misrepresentation of the individual, or that they would develop an over-attachment to the clone, altering the dynamics of interpersonal relationships.

via University of British Columbia: Patrick Yung Kang Lee et al, Speculating on Risks of AI Clones to Selfhood and Relationships: Doppelganger-phobia, Identity Fragmentation, and Living Memories, Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction (2023). DOI: 10.1145/3579524

Note: As the volume of personal data we generate continues to grow, so too does the fidelity of these AI clones in replicating our behavior.

Word watch: "user-generated data expiration strategies"


Multiple 'selves' of modular agents boost AI learning
Jul 2023, phys.org

The book writes itself: 

A study comparing reinforcement learning approaches used in single AI agent and modular multi-AI agent systems -- trained deep reinforcement learning agents in a simple survival game were trained to seek various resources hidden around the field and to maintain sufficient supply levels to prevail.

One agent, seen as the "unified brain" or "self," operated in standard fashion, taking a step-by-step approach to evaluate each objective and, through trial-and-error, learning what the best solutions are each step of the way.

The modular agent, however, relied on input from sub-agents that had more narrowly defined goals and had their own unique experiences, successes and failures. Once input from the multiple modules were assessed in a single "brain," the agent made choices on how to proceed.

The singular agent achieved the game's goals after 30,000 training steps. The modular agent learned faster, making significant progress after only 5,000 learning steps.

via Princeton Neuroscience Institute: Zack Dulberg et al, Having multiple selves helps learning agents explore and adapt in complex changing worlds, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2023). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2221180120

Post Script:
Playing Tetris by committee (the Octopad, an eight player game controller)
May 2019, BBC
May 2019, phys.org
July 2019, University of Washington News

Bonus: the monolithic approach struggled with "the curse of dimensionality" -- the exponentially spiraling growth of options as the complexity of the environment was increased.


Thursday, May 4, 2023

Double Digital


DfAI: The missing piece of artificial intelligence engineering
Jan 2023, phys.org
https://techxplore.com/news/2023-01-dfai-piece-artificial-intelligence.html

They don't mention digital twins but they should:

DfAI - Design for Artificial Intelligence 

It's a data-rich process that captures intelligence throughout the lifecycle of the design, whether it's an airplane or an umbrella. But not enough companies are using it. This group says we need to raise AI literacy in industry, redesign engineering systems to better integrate with AI; and enhance the engineering AI development process.

And as robots take our jobs, they do tend to create new jobs in the process. Enter the "design repository curator".

via Carnegie Mellon University Mechanical Engineering and Re:Build Manufacturing: Glen Williams et al, Design for Artificial Intelligence: Proposing a Conceptual Framework Grounded in Data Wrangling, Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering (2022). DOI: 10.1115/1.4055854



How digital twins could protect manufacturers from cyberattacks
Feb 2023, phys.org

In addition to spotting routine indicators of wear and tear, digital twins could help find something more within manufacturing data, the authors of the study say.

"Because manufacturing processes produce such rich data sets -- temperature, voltage, current -- and they are so repetitive, there are opportunities to detect anomalies that stick out, including cyberattacks," 

via National Institute of Standards and Technology: E. C. Balta et al, Cyber-Attack Detection Digital Twins for Cyber-Physical Manufacturing Systems. IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering (2023). DOI: 10.1109/TASE.2023.3243147


Digital twin opens way to effective treatment of inflammatory diseases
Feb 2023, phys.org

In an inflammatory disease like rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease or ulcerative colitis, thousands of genes alter the way they interact in different organs and cell types. Moreover, the pathological process varies from one patient to another with the same diagnosis, and even within the same patient at different times.

Every physiological process can be described with mathematical equations [earlier they call them "molecular programs"]. This advanced digital modeling technique can be adjusted to a patient's unique circumstances by analyzing the activity of each and every gene in thousands of individual cells from blood and tissue. Such a digital twin can be used to calculate the physiological outcome if a condition changes, such as the dosage of a drug.

In the current study, the researchers combined analyses of a mouse model of rheumatoid arthritis and digital twins of human patients with various inflammatory diseases.
"Even though only the joints were inflamed in mice, we found that thousands of genes changed their activity in different cell types in ten organs, including the skin, spleen, liver and lungs," says Dr. Benson. "As far as I'm aware, this is the first time science has obtained such a broad picture of how many organs are affected in rheumatoid arthritis. This is partly due to the difficulty of physically sampling so many different organs."

via Karolinska Institute Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology: Mikael Benson, Multi-organ single cell analysis reveals an on/off switch system with potential for personalized treatment of immunological diseases, Cell Reports Medicine (2023). DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2023.100956


Advances in brain modeling open a path to digital twin approaches for brain medicine
Mar 2023, phys.org

To create personalized brain models, the researchers use a simulation technology called The Virtual Brain (TVB), which HBP scientist Viktor Jirsa has developed together with collaborators. For each patient, the computational models are created from data of the individually measured anatomy, structural connectivity and brain dynamics.

via Human Brain Project and AMU Marseille: Viktor Jirsa et al, Personalised virtual brain models in epilepsy, The Lancet Neurology (2023). DOI: 10.1016/S1474-4422(23)00008-X

Tuesday, February 28, 2023

The New Digital Earth


We are on our way to creating a second Earth in the digital realm, where we can do experiments and run simulations to better understand the real Earth. It's called a digital twin, and it happens in other sectors like medicine (where we can test new drugs in a simulation of your body) or industry (where we can monitor all the variables in the manufacture of a product to find the most efficient method).

Developments in persistent satellite surveillance, vision and other sensing technologies, and climate modeling and forecasting keep getting better, and with each advance in these areas, the digital Earth twin gets closer and closer to the real Earth. 

Image credit: This Size 49 ecumonopolis was built on the video game Stellaris, around Amogus Prime.


Real-time space observations can now keep watch over 'super emitter' power plants
Oct 2022, phys.org

They use NASA's "Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2" (OCO-2; launched in 2014) and the OCO-3, attached since 2019 to the International Space Station (ISS).

"This future capacity will lead to improved CO2 emission information at the scale of countries, cities or individual facilities, enhancing transparency under the Paris Agreement and supporting efforts to reduce emissions causing climate change."

via Environment and Climate Change Canada: Tracking CO2 emission reductions from space: A case study at Europe's largest fossil fuel power plant, Frontiers in Remote Sensing (2022). DOI: 10.3389/frsen.2022.1028240


Climate simulation more realistic with artificial intelligence
Oct 2022, phys.org

A generative adversarial network made a simple climate model way better, so it can handle more complex data. 

via Technical University Munich: Philipp Hess, Physically constrained generative adversarial networks for improving precipitation fields from Earth system models, Nature Machine Intelligence (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s42256-022-00540-1


Google Earth on steroids' gives a boost to urban development
Dec 2022, phys.org

Uzufly's system uses drones to take aerial photographs, producing thousands of images that are transformed into 3D models through the creation of digital twins, or digital replicas of real-world objects. These objects could be buildings, for example, which are georeferenced down to the centimeter. The company's 3D models incorporate a wide range of urban-planning data and can accommodate any type of architectural design at full scale.

via Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne spin-off Uzufly

Image credit: AI Art - Sacred Geometry - 2023

A silicon image sensor that computes
Aug 2022, phys.org

The computer is in the eyeballs of the camera, they are one and the same:

CMOS-integrated "in-sensor processing" and programmable pixels

via Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences: Houk Jang et al, In-sensor optoelectronic computing using electrostatically doped silicon, Nature Electronics (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-022-00819-6


Atomic-level 3D models show us how gadgets work
Oct 2022, phys.org

This can create a digital twin at the atomic level:

"Atom probe tomography" can provide a three-dimensional representation of what a material looks like, right down to the atomic level.

via Norwegian University of Science and Technology: K. A. Hunnestad et al, Atomic-scale 3D imaging of individual dopant atoms in an oxide semiconductor, Nature Communications (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32189-0


Wearable wristband captures entire body in 3D
Nov 2022, phys.org

The camera is on the wrist, facing the body, and with that limited information, it can infer what the entire body is doing. 

"Our research shows that we don't need our body frames to be fully within camera view for body sensing," Lim said. "If we are able to capture just a part of our bodies, that is a lot of information to infer to reconstruct the full body."

via Cornell's SciFiLab: Hyunchul Lim et al, BodyTrak, Proceedings of the ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies (2022). DOI: 10.1145/3552312


Worldwide dataset captures Earth in finest ever detail
Nov 2022, phys.org

Metabolism of the Anthroposphere is here:
WorldStrat - 10,000km² of free satellite images with resolutions as high as 1.5m per pixel (each pixel is a 1.5m by 1.5m area on the ground), using the SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 satellites from ESA, as well as using the lower resolution Copernicus Sentinel-2 satellite.

via University College London and European Space Agency: Julien Cornebise et al, Open High-Resolution Satellite Imagery: The WorldStrat Dataset—With Application to Super-Resolution, arXiv (2022). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2207.06418


The Real Climate Change is Us Doing This:
Startup claims to offer stratospheric geoengineering as a service
Dec 2022, Ars Technica via MIT Tech Review

(The company is called Make Sunsets)

Tuesday, April 12, 2022

Fully Fungible Body Futures


All of the sudden, the digital twin is here. It's not a perennial topic in science fiction, it's not something that has ever been posted here, at least not until the past year. And it's one of those things that doesn't seem like a big deal; in fact, we're not even sure what it's for. (It has been around since the 1970's though, used to understand NASA spaceships).

The one thing it is -- it's easy to understand. You make a digital version of yourself, modeled in a computer, living in a simulation, if you will, and constantly updated with real-time data, so that we can run experiments on it ---instead of running the experiments on you---. 

If you're a cancer patient, with all the bits and pieces that make you who you are, and we want to know if our cancer treatment will work in concert or against all those bits and pieces of yourself, we could always just give you the treatment and see what happens, right? Isn't there a better way? Yes, now there is. 

And one day, sometime between when you get a much better result from your cancer treatment and when the entire human race has been uploaded to low earth orbit satellite router networks, we will watch as these twins, or doubles, or avatars (or self-replicates) become more important than the bodies they serve. 



Creating 'digital twins' at scale to improve drone deliveries
Jun 2021, phys.org

A delivery drone suffers some minor wing damage on its flight. Should it land immediately, carry on as usual, or reroute to a new destination? A digital twin, a computer model of the drone that has been flying the same route and now experiences the same damage in its virtual world, can help make the call.

Kapteyn and colleagues sought out a unifying mathematical representation of the relationship between a digital twin and its associated physical asset that was not specific to a particular application or use. The researchers' model mathematically defines a pair of physical and digital dynamic systems, coupled together via two-way data streams as they evolve over time. 

"I think this idea of maintaining a persistent set of computational models that are constantly being updated and evolved alongside a physical asset over its entire life cycle is really the essence of digital twins," says Kapteyn.

via Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Michael G. Kapteyn et al, A probabilistic graphical model foundation for enabling predictive digital twins at scale, Nature Computational Science (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00069-0


Tumor avatars' predict patients' response to immunotherapy
Jul 2021, phys.org

This is just a simple explanation of how digital twin technology works in medicine:

"We first cut patient tumor samples into small pieces and then treat these 'tumor avatars' outside the patient's body with different therapies, to see which one works."

via Netherlands Cancer Institute: An ex vivo tumor fragment platform to dissect response to PD-1 blockade in cancer, Nature Medicine (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01398-3 


Digital twins for cancer patients could be 'paradigm shift' for predictive oncology
Dec 2021, phys.org

We've also been hearing this term used in reference to NFTs, in the context that you will soon need to establish a digital deed for yourself, before someone else does it for you, if you know what I'm saying.

But back to the story at hand:
Cancer Patient Digital Twins (CDPTs) would reflect a patient's molecular, physiological and lifestyle characteristics as they evolve over time and across different treatments, and help "usher in a new age in medicine" by increasing the probability of optimal care, the authors concluded.

It would address changes across timescales from the molecular level to the population level, and as the patient's disease state evolves, the digital twin would incorporate real-time observational data to predict future states.

Researchers envision clinicians will use CPDTs to perform virtual experiments, simulating the patient's disease trajectory under different treatments. At each visit with a clinician, the predictions would be compared with real-life measurements to assess the digital twin's performance and update it in a "continuous learning" loop to inform patient decision making.

via Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Tina Hernandez-Boussard et al, Digital twins for predictive oncology will be a paradigm shift for precision cancer care, Nature Medicine (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01558-5

Post Script:
Who owns "digitaltwin.com" you ask?

General Electric - Digital Twin Creation - GE builds highly complex physical assets essential to critical infrastructure including energy production and distribution, air and locomotive transport, and healthcare.  A Digital Twin is developed and informed by a massive amount of design, manufacture, inspection, repair, online sensor and operational data and employs a collection of high-fidelity computational physics-based models and advanced analytics to forecast the health and performance of the asset over its lifetime.  The accuracy of the Digital Twin’s representation grows over time as more data refines the model and similar assets are deployed with their own Digital Twins.  Data are gathered continually to maintain an up-to-date model.  The Digital Twin provides detailed knowledge of the asset, forecasts based on “what if” scenarios and a live reference from which to build applications to optimize services, performance, efficiency, maintenance, supply chain, business operations and more.

Contact Us To Build Your Digital Twin

Notes:
Polish singer claims to be the first in the world to sell off digitalised parts of her BODY as NFTs with her 'rarest parts' including 'G-spot, nipples and lips' starting at £73,000. Daily Mail. Sep 2021. [link]

The Anomaly, by Hervé Le Tellier (2021) is a virtuoso novel where logic confronts magic, a witty variation on the doppelgänger theme. It's not about the concept of digital twins, but I thought it might fit here regardless. [goodreads link]

Digital Body Brokers and Future Futures (aka The Intergalactic Bodynet), 2021

Full Steam Ahead (aka the Kufizoid, the Kufi-probe), 2021

Anthromimetic Cosmogenesis (aka the Virtual Facebook World), 2021

Monday, April 11, 2022

No Man's Game


No Man's Sky is a procedurally generated spacefaring video game. You explore the universe, maybe find a nice place to settle down, build yourself a home, and drift off into the eternal digital bliss of a digital anthroposphere.

What makes this game special is that, like the real universe, the places you can explore are veritably endless. That's because they weren't designed in advance; it doesn't exist until you go there. The universe is generated in real-time, as you play. It's not created by a designer, it's created by an algorithm, using fractals to scale things far in and far out with equal levels of detail. That's how procedural generation works. Until it doesn't.  

One day, the developers of this game decided it needed an upgrade, so they augmented the procedural generation algorithm. They gave the worlds more detailed weather patterns and more complex lifeforms, taller mountains, deeper oceans, more richness, more diversity. But every time you fix something, you risk breaking something else. And that's what happened here. A story as futuristic as intergalactic space travel itself:

Displaced No Man’s Sky fans are now using a galactic Zillow
Sep 25 2020, Polygon

After finally finding a planet that reminded him of Earth with a mellow breeze, he settled in and spent more time building his own personal base. Then, he logged into No Man’s Sky to find that the newest Origins update had changed his planet to be more like a tepid, hell-like wasteland.

“I was one of these people on the hunt to find the perfect Earth like planet, and after spending soooo many hours hunting for it, then spending so many hours building a few big builds on it... it all seems for nothing now.”

Long-time community members have organized a new system to find beautiful homeworlds for a fresh start. Macneill runs a group called No Man Sky’s Habitable Planets. The group was originally intended for nomads who were okay with uprooting for a new home, but Origins made their mission much more urgent for many players.

“Looking for a new planet to call home? This group is dedicating [sic] to exploring the vast universe for the most perfect and habitable planets,” the Reddit page reads. “NO STORMS NO SENTINELS!!” “The goal was to have enough planets in our page so that someone could ideally just search what they want ‘green grass, blue skies’ and a planet with their desired features would come up.” Macneill told Polygon over Reddit.

Another player who is looking for a new home after aggressive fauna swarmed her base with the Origins update, now has a home in a world that looks abandoned. Fortunately, she can now just go on the Habitable Planets project and scroll through a selection of planets.

“It’s a little like Tinder,” Emily laughs. “I’m like, brown water? Ew, no. Mountain ranges? I don’t want to deal with that. Purple planet? Yeah, that’s cute, swipe right!”


Written a couple days earlier, a developer lamenting their consternation over destroying entire worlds worth of human endeavor with a single update:

“People have made their homes, they’ve lived in this universe,” Murray said. “I would be working on things like making mountains taller, and you’d see online that somebody has dedicated a planet to a lost loved one and built a base for them. And I’ve got my head in my hands thinking, ‘I’m going to destroy that planet if we do this.’”

Murray said that “some of the biome diversity,” will change universe-wide, but that “the fundamental shape of the terrain will stay the same on existing planets.”

Funny, as I read this, as a real person in the real world, all I can think about is that it sounds a lot like what's happening right now because of the climate apocalypse - the northeastern portion of the United States is one of the fastest changing climates in the world, with my town in particular having seen 2 different 500-year storms in the last 10 years (Irene and Ida), both dropping over 9 inches of rain in one day, which is almost triple what we see in any given month. Superstorm Sandy knocked down 100-years worth of trees in one day. If I lived in No Man's Sky, I would be looking for a new planet by now.


Post Script:
I finally figured out why the healthy fascination with random number generators (RNGs) here on Network Address; something tells me they're important, and will become a critical part of our world in the coming years, and here is one good example of why.

Randomness has a lot to do with the variety seen in procedurally generated worlds, which goes all the way back to rolling dice for Dungeons and Dragons. The game starts with a "random seed" from which the initial conditions of the algorithm are set in motion.* 

*And when you hear "initial conditions" you should think complexity theory and emergent behavior.

This is great for making totally unexpected and exciting virtual worlds, but it's also foretelling of the epidemic of electronic drugs that is today ensnaring our elderly citizens, armed services veterans, and new mothers via social media. We should have learned our lesson with machine gambling aka slot machines, but we didn't, and so we now have this:

Procedural generation is often used in loot systems of quest-driven games, such as action role-playing games and massive multiplayer online role playing games. Though quests may feature fixed rewards, other loot, such as weapons and armor, may be generated for the player based on the player-character's level, the quest's level, their performance in the quest, and other random factors. This often leads to loot having a rarity quality applied to reflect when the procedural generation system has produced an item with better-than-average attributes. For example, the Borderlands series is based on its procedural generation system which can create over a million unique guns and other equipment.

The randomness is an illusion, because absolutely minute parameters of the algorithm are changed in order to take advantage of the way our brains are hardwired. You can act like you're more powerful than the algorithm, or you can think that because you know how it works, you won't be a sucker. But then you would be wrong. 

A procedurally generated penis bouquet in No Man's Sky.

For Further Reading on Electronic Drugs:
Random Instantiation Generator, Jun 2021
Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas by Natasha Dow SchĂĽll, 2012. 
Jesse Schell: When games invade real life, DICE Summit, 2010

Wednesday, April 6, 2022

Bodies R Us


Anthropometry:
Examining the link between body image and income
Sep 2021, phys.org

I just came here for the "Civilian American and European Surface Anthropometry Resource project", or CAESAR. It scans and saves the metrics of people's bodies, their shapes and sizes, in intimate detail. It's used for engineering and design of products and fashion. 

But seriously, this is also an interesting example of interdisciplinary work in the science world. It's a collaboration between a data scientist and an econometrician (yeah that's a real word for an economic and financial engineer). And if you need to know, the results of their study show that good-looking people make more money. And that means taller for men, and thinner for women, with a little hip-to-waist ratio in there for good measure. Shocker though. 

They figured this out by running the CAESAR through a custom neural net. 

via University of Virginia and University of Iowa:  Suyong Song et al, Body shape matters: Evidence from machine learning on body shape-income relationship, PLOS ONE (2021). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254785


The Internet of Bodies:
A network of body monitoring devices using our own tissue as the basis for the internet of bodies
Nov 2021, phys.org

The findings open the way for the interconnection of long-lasting wireless devices as the foundation for the internet of bodies (IoB).

"The IoB is a network of wearable, implantable, ingestible and injectable smart objects that allows for in-, on- and off-body communications," says Ahmed Eltawil. "For example, smartwatches, smart shoes, pacemakers and cochlear implants could be interconnected to monitor our biomarkers."

It uses harmless tiny electrical signals to transmit data through conductive body tissue. Due to the unique conductance characteristics of each person, the technology could also be used for bioauthentication, just like a fingerprint.

"Imagine a scenario where simply touching a car steering wheel or the keys on your laptop can continuously authenticate that you are the owner," says Abdulkadir Celik.

And don't forget the Internet of Animals (Nature, 2018).

via King Abdullah University of Science and Technology: Abdulkadir Celik et al, The Internet of Bodies: A Systematic Survey on Propagation Characterization and Channel Modeling, IEEE Internet of Things Journal (2021). DOI: 10.1109/JIOT.2021.3098028

And: Energy Efficient Capacitive Body Channel Access Schemes for Internet of Bodies. KAUST Research Repository. doi.org/10.25781/KAUST-0FW2U


Pianists learn to play with robotic third thumb in just one hour
Nov 2021, phys.org

Yes they did.

via Imperial College London: Ali Shafti et al, Playing the piano with a robotic third thumb: assessing constraints of human augmentation, Scientific Reports (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00376-6


And on that note:
Typical olfactory bulbs might not be necessary for smell, case study suggests
Nov 2019, phys.org

"We were struck by the serendipitous observation at MRI of two otherwise healthy young left-handed women, yet with no apparent olfactory bulbs."

These women could smell, but with no olfactory bulbs, which is kind of like seeing without a visual cortex. 

From the people who brought you White Smell, the Weizmann Institute: Tali Weiss, Noam Sobel, et al.  Human Olfaction without Apparent Olfactory Bulbs. Neuron. 2020 Jan 8;105(1):35-45.e5. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.10.006. 


Bionic eyes: Obsolete tech leaves patients in the dark
Mar 2022, BBC News

This is just the beginning:

Hundreds of people who had retinal implants to improve their sight face an uncertain future as the technology they rely on is now obsolete. But IEEE Spectrum reports that Second Sight actually discontinued its retinal implants - which effectively take the place of photoreceptors in the eye to create a form of artificial vision - in 2019.

It says the firm nearly went out of business in 2020 and is now concentrating on a brain device - the Orion - which also provides artificial vision, while providing only limited support to the 350 or so who have the implants.

Surgery to implant the device typically takes a few hours and is followed by post-op training to help users interpret the signals from their devices. The system consists of the implant, special glasses with a built-in camera and a video processing unit (VPU) that is attached around the wearer's waist. $150,000 (£110,000) excluding surgery and post-surgery training.

His VPU system broke in November 2020. He considered having the device surgically removed but decided to ask other patients and doctors familiar with the system for help, and luckily found spare parts.

"These are not like off-the-shelf products or services that we can actually own or control. Instead we are dependent on software upgrades, proprietary methods and parts, and the commercial drivers and success or failure of for-profit ventures."


Friday, June 18, 2021

Digital Body Brokers and the Future Futures Market


AKA The Intergalactic Bodynet

Let's talk about this "digital twin" thing. Twins for the planet, twins for people, twins for everything. And why not? Why shouldn't we all have a backup body, and a backup planet?

But that's not it; the "twin" is for performing future forecasting, simulations, modeling potential outcomes, plugging in variables and testing the results -- You want to try geo-engineering? Why seed silver iodide in the actual sky when you can put it in the virtual-double-sky and see what happens? (Or you could just let China do it like during the Beijing Olympics in 2008 and see what happens.)

You want to try intermittent fasting? Why actually do it when you can have your digital twin body double do it and see whether it helps or not? Why ask that girl out when you can have your parallel self ask her parallel self on a date and gauge the outcome? Good time? Worth it? Why waste your time with the real thing when you can run the simulation.

I like to call it the Metabolism of the Anthroposphere; start getting acquainted.

Yet, I can't take credit for the parallel self, so masterfully envisioned by science fiction writer Ted Chiang in his short story "Anxiety Is the Dizziness of Freedom", in his 2019 book Exhalation.


Digital content on track to equal half Earth's mass by 2245
Aug 2020, phys.org
As we use resources, such as coal, oil, natural gas, copper, silicon and aluminum, to power massive computer farms and process digital information, our technological progress is redistributing Earth's matter from physical atoms to digital information—the fifth state of matter, alongside liquid, solid, gas and plasma.

This scientist, Melvin Vopson, is known for the mass-energy-information equivalence, which says information has mass, and is the basis of the universe.

"The information catastrophe," AIP Advances (2020). DOI: 10.1063/5.0019941

also: The mass-energy-information equivalence principle, M Vopson. AIP Advances 9, 095206 (2019); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5123794
Scientists begin building highly accurate digital twin of our planet
Feb 2021, phys.org

It's called Destination Earth:
A digital twin of our planet is to simulate the Earth system in future. It is intended to support policy-makers in taking appropriate measures to better prepare for extreme events. 

But in addition to the observation data conventionally used for weather and climate simulations, the researchers also want to integrate new data on relevant human activities into the model. The new Earth system model will represent virtually all processes on the Earth's surface as realistically as possible, including the influence of humans on water, food and energy management, and the processes in the physical Earth system.

"Information system for decision-making"

via ETH Zurich: Peter Bauer et al. The digital revolution of Earth-system science, Nature Computational Science (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00023-0
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s43588-021-00023-0

also: A digital twin of Earth for the green transition. Nat. Clim. Chang. 11, 80–83 (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41558-021-00986-y
Digital twin technology a 'powerful tool' but requires significant investment, say experts
May 2021, phys.org

Here's a good description in case you missed it: a virtual version of real-life objects that can be used to predict how that object will perform, could predict how a patient's disease will develop and how patients are likely to respond to different therapies.

And further context: "We are making more measurements in patients in the hospital and from remote monitoring and we need to develop methods for rapidly and robustly combining this patient information into a digital twin to provide a single representation of the patient."... "Another challenge is how do we get better at predicting how the heart will operate under extreme conditions. We often want to predict when the heart will fail, however, we only have information that is obtained from them under normal operating procedures."
-Lead author Professor Steven Niederer from the School of Biomedical Engineering & Imaging Sciences, King's College London

In other words, they want to kill the body double just to see how it dies.

Last one: "The promise of data driven coupling of mathematical models with the physical reality they represent, the so-called digital twin, is going to be transformational in how we interact with and control the physical world. "
-Mark Girolami, Programme Director for Data-Centric Engineering at The Alan Turing Institute

via King's College London, The Alan Turing Institute, the University of Cambridge, and the Oden Institute for Computational Engineering and Sciences at UT Austin in Texas: Scaling digital twins from the artisanal to the industrial, Nature Computational Science, DOI: 10.1038/s43588-021-00072-5

Digital twins could lead to more proactive, personalized medicine, researchers say
Mar 2021, phys.org

The writeup from Medical Express sums it up pretty good: "Obviously, we can't experiment on a real clone of ourselves, but we can research different scenarios with a digital twin."

And what if you could use it for...advertising???

via Indiana University: Reinhard Laubenbacher et al. Using digital twins in viral infection, Science (2021). DOI: 10.1126/science.abf3370

Post Script:
Apr 2021, BBC News

No better fake than yourself.

This is some good shit: Before he died of cancer in 2017 a man from south-east China told his family he wanted a traditional burial, but in some regions these are banned. His family hired someone to find a substitute body that could be cremated in place of their relative's [so that his real body could then go and be buried, albeit still illegally]. But unknown to them, the man they hired committed murder to provide the body. Spotting a man with Down's syndrome picking litter from the street, Huang persuaded him to get into a car and gave the victim alcohol until he passed out. [He put him in a coffin and sold it to the family for about $15K.] The family then proceeded to have that coffin cremated, pretending it contained the body of their own relative. The relative's actual body was then buried in secret in a traditional way.

Got all that? Bodyswapping it's called, and it's not uncommon. 

Post Post Script:
Full Steam Ahead (aka the Kufizoid, the Kufi-probe), Network Address 2021
Anthromimetic Cosmogenesis (aka the Virtual Facebook World), Network Address 2021

Thursday, June 3, 2021

Full Steam Ahead


Mar 2021, phys.org

Behold, the most hardcore scifi illustration you've ever seen. 

I call it the kufizoid, because I envision it as a hat we will all wear, and it will be alive on its own, and we will live with it in symbiosis as it instantiates our autopoetic anthropic amalgam of splinter-selves. You might call it an embroidered lace jellyfish biobot that sucks itself to your head to control your brain. But no need to be afraid; you'll love it. 

But what exactly are we looking at in this picture above? Scientists first made mini-brains-in-a-dish, and then created this kufi-probe, outfitted with electrodes, heating elements, oxygen sensors and light fibers to perform optogenetic experiments where they can control genes with light pulses. This probe-hat fits nice and snug right on top of that little brain bubble that lives in a dish. 

One day, somewhere between now and the day we become brains in a dish ourselves, we will wear these devices on our heads, to monitor and control our cortical activity, and to synchronize us with each other, so we can build a fully dematerialized anthroposphere, and live there happily together. 

But let's continue: 
This platform then enabled scientists to perform complex studies of human tissue without directly involving humans or performing invasive testing. 
-source: phys.org
Obviously the value of such a device is that we can study the human brain while it's not inside a human head. But in reading this, we get a glimpse of what this investigative approach will really do for us in the future -- we will use it in tandem with synthetic body doubles, running simulations by the billions every second, and in real-time, to aid us in planning and executive function. Your synthetic body double will be networked to every other person's double, so that eventually, all our doubles will become more and more enmeshed with each other, not in the physical world with all its physical limitations, but in the network, aka the anthroposphere, where the only limitation is the speed of light. And then, there will be no more doubles; we will become the double. 

image credit: Northwestern University

Post Script:
Cortical spheroids used to be called cerebral organoids, so it now sounds a lot less heavy on the ethics scale. You might call it etymological camouflage. And "engineered assembloids" is even better.