Thursday, November 17, 2022

A Small Machine Conjuring


Some everyday materials have memories, and now they can be erased
Oct 2022, phys.org

I know they're just talking about a piece of paper but still this whole thing just creeps me out, and from both sides:

"We can find out the history of a material by doing some tests or erase a material's memory and program a new one to prepare it for consumer or industrial use."

via Penn State: Nathan C. Keim et al, Mechanical annealing and memories in a disordered solid, Science Advances (2022). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo1614

Image credit: AI Art - A Small Machine Conjuring - 2022

Step Away From the Machine


First, the image seen above is from a series of protest photos by a man named Chauncey Hare. That's him in his own photo, sitting in his cubicle at the EPA. He thinks big business and their big owners are taking over the world, and he's probably right. 

One thing that's pretty certain -- we are not in control, not of the world at large, and not even of ourselves. 

Image credit: Chauncey Hare - Self Portrait at EPA - 1980 [Protest Photos]
Chauncey Hare, "Self Portrait at EPA" (1980), from Quitting Your Day Job: Chauncey Hare’s Photographic Work by Robert Slifkin (MACK, 2022), Chauncey Hare Photograph Archive, BANC PIC 2000.012.14:023- 024—ffALB. This photograph was made by Chauncey Hare to protest and warn against the growing domination of working people by multi-national corporations and their elite owners and managers. (© The Regents of the University of California, The Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley) https://hyperallergic.com/741181/chauncey-hare-quitting-your-day-job/

Researcher offers new explanation for consciousness
Oct 2022, phys.org

Deepak Chopra's pissed:
"In a nutshell, our theory is that consciousness developed as a memory system that is used by our unconscious brain to help us flexibly and creatively imagine the future and plan accordingly," explained corresponding author Andrew Budson, MD, professor of neurology. "What is completely new about this theory is that it suggests we don't perceive the world, make decisions, or perform actions directly. Instead, we do all these things unconsciously and then—about half a second later—consciously remember doing them."

"Even our thoughts are not generally under our conscious control. This lack of control is why we may have difficulty stopping a stream of thoughts running through our head as we're trying to go to sleep, and also why mindfulness is hard," adds Budson.

via Boston University School of Medicine: Andrew E. Budson et al, Consciousness as a Memory System, Cognitive and Behavioral Neurology (2022). DOI: 10.1097/WNN.0000000000000319


Scientists identify pathway that triggers mice to scratch when they see others do the same
Oct 2022, phys.org

"Contagious itching" is controlled through a visual pathway, that surprisingly, operates independently of the visual cortex.

You can see without a visual cortex. What else do we not-see?

via Washington University School of Medicine in St Louis: Fang Gao et al, A non-canonical retina-ipRGCs-SCN-PVT visual pathway for mediating contagious itch behavior, Cell Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111444.


A handful of universities seem to control flow of ideas, people in academia
Oct 2022, phys.org

Just network science telling us what to do, as usual:

The structure of the American professoriate -- five U.S. universities have trained 1-in-8 tenure-track faculty members serving at the nation's institutions of higher learning.

(University of California, Berkeley; Harvard University; University of Michigan; Stanford University; and University of Wisconsin-Madison)

via University of Colorado at Boulder: Daniel Larremore, Quantifying hierarchy and dynamics in US faculty members hiring and retention, Nature (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05222-x


Post Script:
Scientists obtain effects through virtual reality comparable to those of psychedelic drugs
Sep 2022, phys.org

They design virtual reality intersubjective group spaces where participants experience together the collective emergence, fluctuation and dissipation of their own bodies, and which produce responses similar to those triggered by psychoactive drugs.

Something about this says Robert Heinlein to me. A social science fiction perhaps. 

via Intangible Realities Laboratory at the Citius Intelligent Technologies Research Centre, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; and ArtSci International Foundation in Bristol: David R. Glowacki et al, Group VR experiences can produce ego attenuation and connectedness comparable to psychedelics, Scientific Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12637-z

Art x Science


AI art is moving fast and breaking things (sorry Getty Images Holdings). But the part that really blows my mind is that it makes a perfect composition, every single time.

The picture above was trained on billions of images. Some of them -- but certainly not all of them -- are actual artwork or at least professional commercially-designed imagery, and yet, after digesting basically every image on the internet, this is what comes out. 

It's perfect: balance, contrast, rhythm, movement, emphasis, pattern, unity; the seven principles of design, they're all there. 

If you mix every paint color together, you get brown. If you took a program that learned how to drive by watching all the cars out on the road, the result would be a car accident. Yet, when we digest every picture on the internet, this is what comes out. The prompt was "complementary color scheme of insect eyes", but that doesn't really matter. You could literally write "shitty amateur artist garbage" and it would produce an image that would win a local art contest.

Anyway, here's some insight into what our eyes want: 

Color composition preferences in art paintings are determined by color statistics
Oct 2022, phys.org

Color composition preferences of 31,353 participants, for 1,200 paintings with artificially manipulated color compositions where the hue angle was rotated by 90, 180, and 270 degrees.

Participants always preferred the original. But not for the reasons expected -- the "matching-to-nature" hypothesis.

Instead, these statistical color properties predicted preference: 
  • asymmetric red–green distribution
  • correlation between lightness and blue–yellow distribution
  • correlation between red–green and blue–yellow 

It was revealed for the first time that color compositions found in paintings do not simply imitate natural scenes, but have their own unique features, which is linked to preferences of observers and the attractiveness of certain color schemes.

via Toyohashi University of Technology: Shigeki Nakauchi et al, Regularity of colour statistics in explaining colour composition preferences in art paintings, Scientific Reports (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-18847-9

Tuesday, November 1, 2022

Pandemic Surprise


Serendipitous backyard experiment shines light on producing polymers
Sep 2022, phys.org

With the COVID shutdown, the scientists at QUT's Soft Matter Materials Group, like the rest of the world, switched to working from home which meant limited time in the university research labs.

Where safe and practicable, the scientists looked for ways to take their work home with them.

This situation inspired the researchers to continue their experiment using sunlight and Dr. Delafresnaye installed the experiment on her outdoor barbecue table and left it in what the research paper calls "Australian sunshine" for four hours.

It's an unprecedented methodology for the production of microspheres, which are used in a wide range of applications including drug delivery, pharmaceuticals, cosmetics and paints. Normally they use a laser or LED to start and stop a reaction; this uses sunshine.

via Queensland University of Technology: Laura Delafresnaye et al, Microspheres from light—a sustainable materials platform, Nature Communications (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32429-3



And since so many of us became armchair epidemiologists during the pandemic, automatically rejecting any study that was not peer-reviewed...

Most preprint studies of COVID-19 hold up through peer-review: study
Oct 2022, phys.org

Comparing preprint manuscripts to the eventual published versions of the individual studies, about 90 percent of those 1,606 data points were still in the text after peer review. 

(fyi the National Institutes of Health has promoted preprint manuscripts as a way to accelerate the pace of scientific discovery.)

via University of Wisconsin-Madison:  Lindsay Nelson et al, Robustness of evidence reported in preprints during peer review, The Lancet Global Health (2022). DOI: 10.1016/S2214-109X(22)00368-0

Fractals in the News


It's fractals all the way down -- if you've been waiting for fractals to have their moment, that time is coming. It took the advent of computers for us to discover fractals in the first place, but then it was used for video game graphics and psychedelic art, and that's it for about 40 years. Now we're using the Large Hadron Collider, the most advanced piece of scientific equipment created, to discover that fractals are not only found in all living things, but in the furthest depths of physics - the Bose Einstein Condensate (BECs are an integral part of quantum computing, metamaterials and intelligent matter, and will be a key technology in the future). 


Study proposes mathematical tool to help understand fractal structure of quark-gluon plasma
Jun 2022, phys.org

When hadrons are accelerated to relativistic velocities and made to collide with each other their confinement is interrupted and the quarks and gluons scatter, forming a plasma that lasts only a tiny fraction of a second, but observation of it has produced important discoveries about the nature of material reality.

Quark-gluon plasma has a fractal structure. When it disintegrates into a stream of particles propagating in various directions, the behavior of the particles in the jets is similar to that of the quarks and gluons in the plasma. Moreover, it decays in a cascade of reactions with a pattern of self-similarity over many scales that is typical of fractals.

"Fractal theory explains BEC formation"

Deppman questions whether fractal structures could also be present in electromagnetism. This would explain why so many natural phenomena, from lightning to snowflakes, have fractal structures, as they are all governed by electromagnetic forces. It might also explain why Tsallis statistics are present in so many phenomena. "Tsallis statistics have been used to describe scale transformation invariance, a key ingredient of fractals," he said.

via Large Hadron Collider by the European Organization for Nuclear Research-research: E. MegĂ­as et al, Nonlinear Klein–Gordon equation and the Bose–Einstein condensation, The European Physical Journal Plus (2022). DOI: 10.1140/epjp/s13360-022-02511-2

Post Script:
Creating an ultrafast optoelectronic switch using a Bose-Einstein condensate of polaritons
Sep 2022, phys.org

Terahertz polariton switch.

via Universities in Shanghai, Xiamen, Shandong, Nanjing, Shanxi and NYU: Fei Chen et al, Optically Controlled Femtosecond Polariton Switch at Room Temperature, Physical Review Letters (2022). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.129.057402


Memetics in a Name


What's in a name? Glimmers of evolution in naming babies, choosing a dog, study finds
Jun 2022, phys.org

Newberry, an assistant professor of complex systems, says examining trends in the popularity of baby names and dog breeds can be a proxy for understanding ecological and evolutionary change. The names and dog breed preferences themselves are like genes or organisms competing for scarce resources. In this case, the scarce resources are the minds of parents and dog owners. His results are published in the journal Nature Human Behavior.

Results:
  • The more popular a name becomes, the less likely future parents are to follow suit. Same goes for popular dog breeds.
  • When a name is most rare — 1 in 10,000 births — it tends to grow, on average, at a rate of 1.4% a year. But when a name is most common — more than 1 in 100 births — its popularity declines, on average, at 1.6%.

And this is why Darwin got his idea for natural selection from language-trees:
"Natural selection is incredibly hard to measure. You're asking, for an entire population, who lived, who died and why. And that's just a crazy thing to try to ask. By contrast, in names, we literally know every single name for the entire country for a hundred years."

via University of Michigan: Mitchell Newberry, Measuring frequency-dependent selection in culture, Nature Human Behaviour (2022). DOI: 10.1038/s41562-022-01342-6


Laughing With Robots


Sharing a laugh: Scientists teach a robot when to have a sense of humor
Sep 2022, phys.org

In the shared-laughter model, a human initially laughs and the AI system responds with laughter as an empathetic response. This approach required designing three subsystems — one to detect laughter, a second to decide whether to laugh, and a third to choose the type of appropriate laughter.

The scientists gathered training data by annotating more than 80 dialogues from speed dating, a social scenario where large groups of people mingle or interact with each other one-on-one for a brief period of time. In this case, the matchmaking marathon involved students from Kyoto University and Erica, teleoperated by several amateur actresses.

"Our biggest challenge in this work was identifying the actual cases of shared laughter, which isn't easy, because as you know, most laughter is actually not shared at all," Inoue said. "We had to carefully categorize exactly which laughs we could use for our analysis and not just assume that any laugh can be responded to."

via the Graduate School of Informatics, Kyoto University: Can a robot laugh with you?: Shared laughter generation for empathetic spoken dialogue, Frontiers in Robotics and AI (2022). DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2022.933261



Engineers Gave a Car a Pair of Eyes to Make Future Roads Safer For Pedestrians
Oct 2022, Science Alert
 
In one of the more unusual experiments we've seen recently, researchers attached a large pair of cartoonish googly eyes to the front of a small, self-driving vehicle – and it turns out that this kind of anthropomorphic tweak could actually improve pedestrian safety.

Not unusual at all, I've been waiting for this exact thing to happen.

There was a gender split in the results of their virtual reality experiments. For men, the eyes only really helped in dangerous situations, warning them to pause when they might otherwise proceed. For women, the eyes boosted confidence by signaling it was safe to cross.

via University of Tokyo: Can Eyes on a Car Reduce Traffic Accidents? Chia-Ming Chang et al. Proceedings of the 14th International Conference on Automotive User Interfaces and Interactive Vehicular Applications. September 2022 Pages 349–359. https://doi.org/10.1145/3543174.3546841