Showing posts with label natural. Show all posts
Showing posts with label natural. Show all posts

Saturday, September 14, 2019

On the Brains of Machines


This picture is kind of like an infrared camera but for algorithms.

It's a heat map for the eyeballs of a computer; what is it looking at, what are its clues?

In this case, it's looking at the water, not at the ship, in order to identify the image as a ship. (We're also assigning agency to this thing, in case anyone's keeping track.)

Neural nets are a big deal these days, but they come with a new problem. We don't know what they're doing, because the thing that makes them so special is that they figure out their own algorithm. (Agency again.) Computer programmers are not writing the programs; the networks write the programs using trial and error. Machine Learning is another name for this idea of iterative development.

There's a lot of people who would like to know what's going on in there, mostly to see how these things are getting their answers, and to make sure that the algorithms don't cheat to get their answers. Some learn bad habits, like detecting "ships" in pictures with water (which means they're good at detecting water, not ships), or by skimming metadata, which means they're good at classifying metadata, not pictures of stuff. These heat maps, and more importantly the forensics-like algorithms that inform them, are very helpful. They let us see inside the brains of the machine.

***
Speaking of disembodied brains, here's the artificial synapse. It uses a new type of hardware memory system that works more like a brain does, in an array, where they can do their computing business simultaneously. Neuromorphic computing.

And if you want to grow those artificial synapses in a 3-D tissue culture (brains in a dish), call these guys.

Cerebral organoids -- they're more for studying how the brain works than they are about making artificial brains. At least they're not using human brains, right?

Wrong; there are ethical concerns that these organoids might develop consciousness, or have already developed consciousness. 

Notes:

What is it like being a brain in a computer?
Clarifying how artificial intelligence systems make choices
Mar 2019, phys.org

Sebastian Lapuschkin et al, Unmasking Clever Hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn, Nature Communications (2019). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-08987-4

Fast, efficient and durable artificial synapse developed
Apr 2019, phys.org

Elliot J. Fuller et al. Parallel programming of an ionic floating-gate memory array for scalable neuromorphic computing, Science (2019). DOI: 10.1126/science.aaw5581

Researchers grow active mini-brain-networks
Jun 2019, phys.org

Stem Cell Reports, Sakaguchi et al.: "Self-organized synchronous calcium transients in a cultured human neural network derived from cerebral organoids"
https://www.cell.com/stem-cell-reports/fulltext/S2213-6711(19)30197-3
DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2019.05.029

Friday, December 28, 2018

The Shanzhai Sun


"Shanzhai" means "counterfeit goods," which is China's way of saying "Made In China"


Let's start with the story from a few months ago, where China plans to make artificial moons for nighttime illumination. Mirrors in outerspace that redirect sunlight from low earth orbit. Now they're looking pretty good on the nuclear fusion front, i.e., artificial suns.


Granted, you must take every headline about nuclear fusion as fake news, because we are unlikely to see its boundless surplus of power in our lifetime. Depends on who you ask though. At this point, a Chinese reactor is reaching 100 million degrees, which is way more than the Sun itself, but still only enough to maintain such a nuclear meltdown for 10 seconds.


Regardless of "when," folks like the futurist Isaac Arthur do a good job of explaining how this major shift in energy production can be used to transform our world. Megastructures that surround our entire Earth, or spaceships that span the Milky Way, all these things are possible with nuclear fusion as an energy source (some faster than light travel wouldn't help).


Bottom line, this gives a different meaning to the idea of China Fake. Also wondering what the plans look like for Fake Earth and Fake Humans.


Notes:
China's 'artificial sun' reaches 100 million degrees Celsius marking milestone for nuclear fusion
Nov 2018, ABC News

China is launching artificial moons in urban areas
Oct 2018, Astrononmy.com

Isaac Arthur's Science and Futurism Channel

Three Body Problem by Cixin Liu, 2008
Chinese Science Fiction

China-Fake
2013, Network Address


Thursday, June 12, 2014

Self-Numbing




Solar powered self-mowing lawnmowers are the most mind-numbing thing there is, when you think about it.

Second in line is the fact that we have had to build structures to keep the Alaskan pipeline from sinking into the  earth due to global warming.

Lastly, 'synthetic musk' is the thing in dryer sheets that make you want to make love to dryer sheets.



Saturday, April 20, 2013

Diamonds Everything




Not only does the diamond trade control distribution, perpetuating the illusion of rarity to maintain their high price, and yet not only can we grow diamonds in a lab that are identical and superior to natural, geogenic diamonds; but humans themselves can actually become diamonds. Humans themselves can actually become diamonds. 

The "memorial diamond" refers to the use of a deceased person's body to create the carbon base for diamond formation, but there is nothing that says you can't do it while you're still alive.

Life Everlasting.

Memorial Diamond
Carbon can be obtained from cremated human or animal remains in a particulate or gaseous form. The carbon is then filtered using a conventional filtering technique. The carbon and other elements are then purified and graphitized, for example by a halogen purification technique.
[source] Method for making synthetic gems comprising elements recovered from complete or partial human or animal remains and the product thereof

Diamonds are Forever, and Ever, and Ever

POST SCRIPT
On Art and Human Self-Domestication
"One of the best ways for the boy to prove he has resources is to give the girl something that is both expensive and useless."
-The Art Instinct, Denis Dutton, 2009, p154

Our regard for something beautiful "is commonly, in great measure a gratification of our sense of costliness masquerading as beauty".
-Thorstein Beblin, Economist (found on p156 of Dutton 2009)

POST POST SCRIPT
Earth's gold came from colliding dead stars
phys.org - Jul 17, 2013

"We estimate that the amount of gold produced and ejected during the merger of the two neutron stars may be as large as 10 moon masses - quite a lot of bling!" says lead author Edo Berger of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics (CfA).

The team calculates that about one-hundredth of a solar mass of material was ejected by the gamma-ray burst, some of which was gold. By combining the estimated gold produced by a single short GRB with the number of such explosions that have occurred over the age of the universe, all the gold in the cosmos might have come from gamma-ray bursts.
Provided by Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics


Diamonds in the sky: Scientists find Jupiter and Saturn are awash in diamonds
Oct 09, 2013, phys.org

Recent work by planetary scientists has indicated that the deep atmospheres of Jupiter and Saturn may contain chunks of diamond floating in a liquid hydrogen/helium fluid.

Crystal is 'oldest scrap of Earth crust'
24 February 2014
A tiny 4.4-billion-year-old crystal has been confirmed as the oldest fragment of Earth's crust.

'Diamane': Diamond film possible without the pressure
Feb 3, 2014

Perfect sheets of diamond a few atoms thick appear to be possible even without the big squeeze that makes natural gems.

Researchers at Rice University and in Russia have calculated a "phase diagram" for the creation of diamane. The diagram is a road map. It lays out the conditions – temperature, pressure and other factors – that would be necessary to turn stacked sheets of graphene into a flawless diamond lattice.

In the process, the researchers determined diamane could be made completely chemically, with no pressure at all, under some circumstances.

More information: Read the abstract
Provided by Rice University

Turning graphite into diamond
Mar 28, 2014

Hydrogenated Graphene = Diamonds
A research team led by SLAC scientists has uncovered a potential new route to produce thin diamond films for a variety of industrial applications, from cutting tools to electronic devices to electrochemical sensors.
The scientists added a few layers of graphene – one-atom thick sheets of graphite – to a metal support and exposed the topmost layer to hydrogen. To their surprise, the reaction at the surface set off a domino effect that altered the structure of all the graphene layers from graphite-like to diamond-like.

"hydrogenation of graphene could be a new route to synthesize ultrathin diamond-like films without applying pressure" -Kaya

The discovery was unexpected. The original goal of the experiment was to see if adding hydrogen could alter graphene's properties in a way that would make it useable in transistors, the fundamental building block of electronic devices. Instead, the scientists discovered that hydrogen binding resulted in the formation of chemical bonds between graphene and the platinum substrate.

More information: Srivats Rajasekaran, Frank Abild-Pedersen, Hirohito Ogasawara, Anders Nilsson, and Sarp Kaya. "Interlayer Carbon Bond Formation Induced by Hydrogen Adsorption in Few-Layer Supported Graphene" Phys. Rev. Lett. 111, 085503 – Published 20 August 2013
Provided by SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory

Diamonds are a quantum computer's best friend
phys.org, August 2014

...nitrogen atoms which can occupy two different spin states are injected into a small diamond. Every nitrogen defect is trapped in an optical resonator made of two mirrors. Via glass fibres, photons are coupled to the quantum system consisting of the resonator, the diamond and the nitrogen atom. This way, it is possible to read and manipulate the state of the quantum system without destroying the quantum properties of the spins in the diamond.

[but later the article mentions the need for error correction codes, which requires billions of these diamonds - if I understand correctly.]

Scientists use 'smallest possible diamonds' to form ultra-thin nanothreads
phys.org, Dec 2014

["Super Diamonds"] 'Direct writing' of diamond patterns from graphite a potential technological leap
phys.org, Nov 2014

What began as research into a method to strengthen metals has led to the discovery of a new technique that uses a pulsing laser to create synthetic nanodiamond films and patterns from graphite, with potential applications from biosensors to computer chips.
"The biggest advantage is that you can selectively deposit nanodiamond on rigid surfaces without the high temperatures and pressures normally needed to produce synthetic diamond," said Gary Cheng, an associate professor of industrial engineering at Purdue University.

The technique works by using a multilayered film that includes a layer of graphite topped with a glass cover sheet. Exposing this layered structure to an ultrafast-pulsing laser instantly converts the graphite to an ionized plasma and creates a downward pressure. Then the graphite plasma quickly solidifies into diamond. The glass sheet confines the plasma to keep it from escaping, allowing it to form a nanodiamond coating.

"These are super-small diamonds and the coating is super-strong, so it could be used for high-temperature sensors," Cheng said.

Direct Laser Writing of Nanodiamond Films from Graphite under Ambient Conditions, Qiong Nian, Yuefeng Wang, Yingling Yang, Ji Li, Martin Y. Zhang, Jiayi Shao, Liang Tang & Gary J. Cheng, Scientific Reports, 2014. 

Inside Beijing's airpocalypse – a city made 'almost uninhabitable' by pollution
Oliver Wainwright, The Guardian, Dec 2014

His proposal, developed in partnership with scientists at the Technological University of Delft in the Netherlands, uses buried coils of copper to create an electrostatic field that attracts smog particles, creating a kind of halo of clean air above it. “It’s similar to how static electricity attracts your hair,” Roosegaarde says. “We charge the smog particles and suck them to the ground.”

He has also developed a mobile version which uses the same technology, but housed in a vertical totem-pole structure that sits atop a small temple-like pavilion, akin to those found in Beijing’s parks. It’s here where the real alchemy will happen. “We’re going to turn dust into diamonds,” Roosegaarde says. “We will condense a 1,000 cubic metres of smog down into a millimetre-cube carbon crystal – which we will set like a diamond on a ring.” When you buy a smog ring, he says, you’re effectively donating 1,000 cubic metres of clean air to the city.


“I like the idea that you can take a problem and turn it into something desirable,” Roosegaarde adds. “Of course it’s not a practical solution, but I’m hoping that smog jewellery will get people talking about the problem – and when they see these clear circles of blue sky above the parks, they’ll demand clean air for the whole city.”

Q-carbon is harder, brighter than diamonds
CNN, Dec 2015
Scientists have created a new form of solid carbon that probably otherwise does not exist on Earth.

Kay Jewelers accused of swapping diamonds with fakes
wreg, May 2016

[and sometimes you’re like what the fuck did i just read]
(Using DNA) Scientists guide gold nanoparticles to form 'diamond' superlattices
Feb 2016, phys.org

Meteorite diamonds 'came from lost planet'
Apr 2018, BBC

De Beers to sell synthetic diamonds—here's how they're made
Jun 2018, phys.org

Implanting diamonds with flaws offers key technology for quantum communications
July 2018, phys.org

In a first, scientists precisely measure how synthetic diamonds grow
Aug 2018, phys.org

Surprising hidden order unites prime numbers and crystal-like materialsSep 2018, phys.org