Monday, July 5, 2021

Camo Tech

 Fluorescent Jello

For a lesson on the history of colors, the must-read is The Color Revolution by ReginaLee Blaszczyk (2012). For a lesson on the future of colors, here's a few updates.

With a zap of light, system switches objects' colors and patterns
May 2021, phys.org

Color-shifting "programmable matter" system update imagery on object surfaces:
The system, dubbed "ChromoUpdate" pairs an ultraviolet (UV) light projector with items coated in light-activated dye. The projected light alters the reflective properties of the dye, creating colorful new images in just a few minutes. ... Rather than using an LED, which uniformly blasts the entire surface, ChromoUpdate uses a UV projector that can vary light levels across the surface. So, the operator has pixel-level control over saturation levels. ..."selective saturation procedure"

via  Massachusetts Institute of Technology: Paper: "ChromoUpdate: Locally Updating Photochromatic Multi-Color Textures for Fast Design Iterations"

Artificial color-changing material that mimics chameleon skin can detect seafood freshness
May 2021, phys.org

Wordwatch -- Luminogens are the molecules that make crystals glow, like the ones you can see at the Franklin Mines Fluorescent Mineral Room in New Jersey.
Chemosensors developed with this design can detect seafood freshness by changing color in response to amine vapors released by microbes as fish spoils. The material may also be used to advance the development of stretchable electronics, dynamic camouflaging robots, and anticounterfeiting technologies.

via: Cell Reports Physical Science, Lu et al.: "Panther Chameleon skin-inspired core@shell supramolecular hydrogel with spatially organized multi-luminogens enables programmable color change" DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2021.100417

'Whitest ever' paint reflects 98% of sunlight
Apr 2021, BBC News

They use different particle sizes to scatter each different wavelength, so it looks brighter.
It doesn't have a cool name like Vanta Black though (nanoscale carbon tubes); it's called Ultra-White.

A new natural blue for food coloring
Apr 2021, phys.org

This time it's from red cabbage, last time it was beets. 

via UC Davis: P.R. Denish el al., "The Discovery of a natural cyan blue: A unique food-sourced anthocyanin could replace synthetic brilliant blue," Science Advances (2021).

Friday, July 2, 2021

Rainbows End


AKA Yellow is Not a Real Color

Image: The Canada Heat Wave of 2021 (should probably be called "the first" heat wave of 2021, since it happened in June)

Heat maps are a big deal these days, especially since the planet is now getting so hot that we have run out of colors.

But this brings up a problem in science communication that's been around forever --  
rainbows distort data. They also make the data unreadable for those with color blindness. It's actually a big deal, especially for scientists, journalists, public health professionals, law enforcement, you name it. 

This is something that's upset me forever; I was an art teacher -- The color yellow does not belong on a lettered sign. You want to make a sign? Prom? Fine. Lots of colors? Fine. But know this -- any letter that is colored yellow, on a background of white paper, will be invisible, and it will make your sign illegible.

Full-grown adults still don't get it; I see it happen all the time. Please stop. 

And if what you're trying to do is to make the data visible according to a continuum of visual stimuli, then maybe stick to black and white; light-to-dark communicates this continuum much better than a rainbow (which goes from light to dark to light to dark and back again,  which is confusing). 

Notes:
Using better colours in science
Oct 2020, phys.org

via University of Oslo: Fabio Crameri et al. The misuse of colour in science communication, Nature Communications (2020). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19160-7

Also, this: Evolution of Basic Color Terms (red was the first color that we could see, and some groups of people still can't see blue)

Thursday, July 1, 2021

Climate Change Makes Robowrapper More Than Just Fashion

I don't know about you, but I'm ok wearing a spacesuit while still on Earth, as long as it has air conditioning. And persistent surveillance of my health data, of course. 

Not that I want to, but I'm ok with it. And I'm not talking Apollo marshmallow man spacesuit. This suit is actually integrated into your own skin. At some point, it will be hard to distinguish between our clothes and our skin. To "wear" something will have a different meaning, and you won't be able to function without a nano-networked-supercomputer covering your entire body (never mind not being able to live without an air-conditioned bodysuit simply because it's too hot). 

Emerging wearable technology uses tiny fibers that can track your blood pressure, heart rate, and more
Dec 2020, phys.org
"It could be a handkerchief which you put on your wrist and it starts giving data."

via American Institute of Physics: "Micro/nano fiber-based non-invasive devices for health monitoring diagnosis and rehabilitation," Applied Physics Reviews, aip.scitation.org/doi/10.1063/5.0010766
Researchers create powerful unipolar carbon nanotube muscles
Jan 2021, phys.org

"Electrochemically driven carbon nanotube (CNT) muscles" sound like a morph suit that's also an exoskeleton.

via University of Texas at Dallas: "Unipolar stroke, electroosmotic pump carbon nanotube yarn muscles" Science (2021). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6528/494

Wearable plasmonic-metasurface sensor for universal molecular fingerprint detection on biointerfaces
Feb 2021, phys.org
The system contained a flexible sweat extraction process to noninvasively extract and fingerprint analytes inside the body based on their unique Raman scattering spectra. 
Light-emitting tattoo engineered for the first time
Feb 2021, phys.org
The technology, which uses organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs), is applied in the same way as water transfer tattoos. That is, the OLEDs are fabricated on to temporary tattoo paper and transferred to a new surface by being pressed on to it and dabbed with water. ... could be combined with other tattoo electronics to, for instance emit light when an athlete is dehydrated, or when we need to get out of the sun to avoid sunburn. OLEDs could be tattooed on packaging or fruit to signal when a product has passed its expiry date or will soon become inedible, or used for fashion in the form of glowing tattoos.

via University College London: Jonathan Barsotti et al. Ultrathin, Ultra‐Conformable, and Free‐Standing Tattooable Organic Light‐Emitting Diodes, Advanced Electronic Materials (2021). DOI: 10.1002/aelm.202001145
'Smart clothes' that can measure your movements
Mar 2021, phys.org

via MIT: Yiyue Luo et al. Learning human–environment interactions using conformal tactile textiles, Nature Electronics (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41928-021-00558-0

Post Script:
Researchers find space station's surface microbial profile resembles skin of its crew members
May 2020, phys.org

We will be the spaceship. It will become our bodies, rather, our bodies will become a ship.

via Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Aram Avila-Herrera et al. Crewmember microbiome may influence microbial composition of ISS habitable surfaces, PLOS ONE (2020). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0231838

Fungal ghosts protect skin, fabric from toxins, radiation
Mar 2021, phys.org

There's a fungus that naturally makes melanin, which is protective against ultraviolet radiation, and so they grow the melanin, then etch away the fungus, leaving only the melanin cell. The leftovers are called fungal ghosts, and can become a kind of artificial skin. And also for, you know, "potential for applications in long distance space flight."

via Northwestern University: "Allomelanin: A Biopolymer of Intrinsic Microporosity." Journal of the American Chemical Society.

Shoots Lasers

A disposable living laser printed on chip for drug screening
Mar 2021, phys.org

Sounds to me like a 3-D printed, engineered bacteria that shoots lasers:
disposable living laser on chip by encapsulating living bacteria inside. Strong laser emissions generated from bacteria inside the droplet will be dramatically enhanced during drug interactions.

The tiny lasers serve as a highly sensitive culture-free sensor

can be directly printed from an office inkjet printer

via Nanyang Technological University: Xuerui Gong et al. Imaging-Based Optofluidic Biolaser Array Encapsulated with Dynamic Living Organisms, Analytical Chemistry (2021). DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c00020
Image credit: Quantum Causal Loop - NeoLeo

Brains At Work - The Regulation of Neuromorphic Swarming

Making this speculation about the confluence of AI, mental health, work from home, and workers rights.

Image credit: 3D Crab Nebula - Thomas Martin, Danny Milisavljevic and Laurent Drissen

Today, under OSHA, employers are required to maintain a safe and healthy workplace. Whether you're in an organized union or not, if you're a worker, you have rights. Our economy says that you will trade work for money, but you're not supposed to be trading years of your life from unsafe or unhealthy working conditions. Employers therefore have to try not to expose you to vaporized metals or cancer-causing chemicals while you work. But what if you work from home? And what if your job's mental stress is doing more damage than a couple parts per million of cancer gas?

Everyone is thinking about workers rights; you can ask Amazon about that. But workers rights traditionally only protect you while you're at work. A whole lot of people are now working, but not at work. Who protects them? What obligation does an employer have to ensure safe working conditions for you if you're not at work? Should an employer be responsible for the working conditions of your house? Sounds crazy right?
Larry Goeb - Mirrored Plasma 2 - lgflickr1
Not so fast. Somebody else is entering the chat. It's the healthy buildings movement. You could say it's the sustainability movement, turned inward (finally), and realizing that the most important thing about a building is the user. Advocates for the healthy building movement are pitching their vision to the business community, with a very simple argument -- it affects your bottom line. 

The sustainability movement in buildings was pitched as a way to save money on energy costs. The healthy building movement doesn't really care about that. In fact, we're about to flush our buildings with so much fresh air, we'll be taking out loans to pay our renewable energy credit stock portfolio managers. 

The healthy building movement is in direct opposition to the sustainability movement (as understood by the general public to mean energy efficiency and not much else, maybe more daylighting, maybe an extra bike rack). It wasn't always this way, and it doesn't have to be, but it goes like this -- use less energy by adding "intelligence" to the thermal conditioning systems. This ends up reducing the amount of overall fresh air entering the building. When you don't have to heat or cool as much outside air, you save. 

The problem is the people. Yes, we live on the planet, and burning through less energy by not "wasting" as much energy is good for all of us. But we do spend 90% of our time indoors, and that air is almost always going to be worse than outdoors. We need to focus on the indoor air as much as the outdoor air, after all, they're both rising in carbon dioxide.

Which brings us to the center of the business argument for healthy buildings. More fresh air, and better filtered air, make people less likely to get sick, which means less time off-task. On an annual basis, multiplied times all employees, you lose money in the form of productivity for having sick employees. And we know this can be reduced by changing their work environment. We even know that the relatively benign gas carbon dioxide can diminish executive function at elevated concentrations. Filters can't trap carbon dioxide. The only way to get that out is to dilute the indoor air with outdoor air (which itself may have to be filtered). 

The question is this -- how much does it cost to add the extra air to the building, and how much would I gain in the form of productivity from my employees? For most cases, it's a no-brainer. Healthy Buildings by Joe Allen and John Macomber details the numbers. 

Investing in the health, and thus the productivity, of workers via their work environment is going to radically transform the workplace. But the thing is, the workplace is diffusing into a thousand bedrooms and kitchens and backrooms splattered across the map. The workplace becomes anywhere you are. 
The Wave at Ofelia Plads - Bo Hvidt - 2017
This collapses the business case for healthy buildings. But then, at the same time, we have the continued rise of AI-mediated work and the continued recognition of mental health as important. And the next thing you know, OSHA starts citing DSM-5, and we're giving neurorights to algorithms.

But on a more serious note, and before you know it, not only will we be working from home more, we'll be working from an interconnected global super network of neuromorphic robots, using non-invasive optogenetic neural implants combined with pervasive chemosensors that monitor and adjust our cognitive operations, and help us to synchronize with each other and with our semibotic (i.e., semi-biological) digital assistants. 

We're going to need some rights for that. 

And now, partially-related series of articles about neuromorphic computing:

'This is not science fiction,' say scientists pushing for 'neuro-rights'
Dec 2020, Reuters
"Scientific advances from deep brain stimulation to wearable scanners are making manipulation of the human mind increasingly possible, creating a need for laws and protections to regulate use of the new tools, top neurologists said on Thursday.

A set of “neuro-rights” should be added to the Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the United Nations, said Rafael Yuste, a neuroscience professor at New York’s Columbia University and organizer of the Morningside Group of scientists and ethicists proposing such standards.

Five rights would guard the brain against abuse from new technologies - rights to identity, free will and mental privacy along with the right of equal access to brain augmentation advances and protection from algorithmic bias, the group says.

“If you can record and change neurons, you can in principle read and write the minds of people,” Yuste said during an online panel at the Web Summit, a global tech conference.

“This is not science fiction. We are doing this in lab animals successfully.”
Team develops component for neuromorphic computer
Dec 2020, phys.org

Make it stop. Neuromorphic means it uses artificial neurons to compute, you know, like how a brain does.  Also, magnetic spin waves.

via Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf: L. Körber et al, Nonlocal Stimulation of Three-Magnon Splitting in a Magnetic Vortex, Physical Review Letters (2020). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.125.207203

New study investigates photonics for artificial intelligence and neuromorphic computing
Jan 2021, phys.org

Good explanation of Photonic Neuromorphic Computing:
Professor C David Wright, from the University of Exeter's Department of Engineering, and one of the co-authors of the study explains "Clearly, a new approach is needed — one that can fuse together the core information processing tasks of computing and memory, one that can incorporate directly in hardware the ability to learn, adapt and evolve, and one that does away with energy-sapping and speed-limiting electrical interconnects."

Photonic neuromorphic computing is one such approach. Here, signals are communicated and processed using light rather than electrons, giving access to much higher bandwidths (processor speeds) and vastly reducing energy losses.

Moreover, the researchers try to make the computing hardware itself isomorphic with biological processing system (brains), by developing devices to directly mimic the basic functions of brain neurons and synapses, then connecting these together in networks that can offer fast, parallelised, adaptive processing for artificial intelligence and machine learning applications.
Researchers unleash potential of desktop PCs to run simulations of mammals' brains
Feb 2021, phys.org

Not PC master race but CPU vs GPU, that's the real fight:
Dr. James Knight and Prof Thomas Nowotny from the University of Sussex's School of Engineering and Informatics used the latest graphical processing units (GPUs) to give a single desktop PC the capacity to simulate brain models of almost unlimited size.

"This research is a game-changer for computational neuroscience and AI researchers who can now simulate brain circuits on their local workstations, but it also allows people outside academia to turn their gaming PC into a supercomputer and run large neural networks."

via University of Sussex: James C. Knight et al. Larger GPU-accelerated brain simulations with procedural connectivity, Nature Computational Science (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s43588-020-00022-7
Research team demonstrates world's fastest optical neuromorphic processor
Jan 2021, phys.org

Time to figure out the difference between CPU, GPU and TPU? TPU's were made specifically for neuromorphic neural networks.

T Djill - Networkers - 2006

The first steps toward a quantum brain
Feb 2021, phys.org
The physicists at Radboud University researched whether a piece of hardware could do the same, without the need of software. They discovered that by constructing a network of cobalt atoms on black phosphorus they were able to build a material that stores and processes information in similar ways to the brain, and, even more surprisingly, adapts itself.

via Radboud University Nijmegen: An atomic Boltzmann machine capable of self-adaption, Nature Nanotechnology (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41565-020-00838-4
New brain-like computing device simulates human learning
Apr 2021, phys.org
Electrochemical "synaptic transistors" simultaneously process and store information just like the human brain. 

via Northwestern University:  "Mimicking associative learning using an ion-trapping non-volatile synaptic organic electrochemical transistor," Nature Communications (2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22680-5

Storing information with light
Jan 2021, phys.org

Neuromorphic Light Hype; brains are the new computers, and light is the new electricity.

Post Script:
Signs of burnout can be detected in sweat
Feb 2021, phys.org

Wearable chemosensors for updating your employer-provided health surveillance policy. 

Post Post Script:
Implanted wireless device triggers mice to form instant bond
May 2021, phys.org

Wednesday, June 30, 2021

Out of Control


PS5 - Restock of new PlayStations causes chaos online
Jan 2021, BBC News

Robots are buying video game consoles online faster than people can keep up.
We will never be ready when the future gets here.

Friday, June 25, 2021

Random Instantiation Generator

Not sure where the obsession over random number generators (RNGs) came from, but here it is.

And let's start with this tangentially-related image, a working diagram of a slot machine taken from the book Addiction by Design: Machine Gambling in Las Vegas by Natasha Dow Schüll, 2012. 

It's a cool picture to look at, but what it means is quite diabolical, and in order to understand it, you will need to read the book, which should be required reading for any cold-blooded capitalist, or anyone who plays video games, or engages with social media, or even for people who go grocery shopping for **** sake, because you're getting played, and you should know how the game works. 

Back to the RNG's.

Using the unpredictable nature of quantum mechanics to generate truly random numbers
Jan 2021, phys.org

Lasers, photons, beam splitters, and quantum magic. 

via: David Drahi et al. Certified Quantum Random Numbers from Untrusted Light, Physical Review X (2020). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevX.10.041048

Scientists develop laser system that generates random numbers at ultrafast speeds
Feb 2021, phys.org

Light rays reflect and interact with each other within the cavity of an hourglass-shaped cavity to create random patterns, which can then create random numbers.

via Nanyang Technological University: "Massively parallel ultrafast random bit generation with a chip-scale laser," Science (2021). https://science.sciencemag.org/content/371/6532/948

A device-independent protocol for more efficient random number generation
Mar 2021, phys.org
Researchers are currently trying to integrate their device-independent random number generator into public randomness beacons that output random bits at periodic intervals.
But what would I want with a public randomness beacon? What would I do with all these RNGs? Just wait. 

via University of Colorado/NIST Boulder (CU/NIST Boulder) and the NTT Corporation in Japan:  Device-independent randomness expansion with entangled photons. Nature Physics(2021). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-020-01153-4.

Post Script:
South Africa's lottery probed as 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 and 10 drawn and 20 win
Dec 2020, BBC News

That's all.

Post Post Script:
On randomness and cheating -- I used to take air samples in office buildings for carbon dioxide, to see if your ventilation system was working properly (people exhale CO2, and an excess suggests the air in the room isn't being ventilated). Hundreds of times over, I would write down the location and the CO2 concentration. After a  long day, it got real hard to resist taking one measurement per office to get the basic idea and then writing random numbers for the rest of the space. 

But I remembered something from graduate school -- you can't create a random number set. No matter how hard you try. You're just not random enough. If you try to make up the numbers on your CO2 map, it will be less random than chance, and you can actually measure that in the number set. Your boss, or your client, might run your measurements and find that they aren't random enough, and discover that you're a scheister.