Tuesday, April 29, 2025

Speaking of Body Language


This one hits hard. "Portrait of Depressed Workers at a Factory in France". Like how does a robot know that "head down" means depression. Or "arms crossed"?  Or hunching over so the head sinks below the line of the shoulders? Lots of people standing around in an industrial-looking setting with their hands at their sides, staring at the ground. Hands in pockets! One guy holding a broom, but his body positioned in a way that says I'm standing still, as opposed to I'm actively sweeping. As in, I hate my job so much I can barely move. Starting straight ahead, not at the floor he's sweeping, expressionless. Why France?? So many questions.



Monday, April 28, 2025

The Sociothermodynamic Superhighway


Urban highways cut opportunities for social relationships, says study
Mar 2025, phys.org

Highways were intended to shorten the commute to work and make traveling within the city easier.

"But this comes at a price, especially over short distances. If someone wants to cross a multi-lane highway, it takes a lot of effort. So highways connect over long distances, but divide over short ones."

via Complexity Science Hub Vienna: Luca Maria Aiello et al, Urban highways are barriers to social ties, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2408937122



Urban inequality scaling throughout the ages: Ancient and modern cities show predictable elite wealth patterns
Mar 2025, phys.org

Don't forget the Santa Fe Institute mixup on this topic - about ten years ago they thought population density rises in tandem with wealth, according to scaling laws, but a few years ago that thought was revised to show that only the average rises, but if you break it down, there's less people with more money and more people with less money:

The researchers found that the same scaling relationships that appear to shape modern economic activity—in which cities grow richer and more productive as they get larger—may also shape the way wealth is concentrated at the top. In other words, the processes that make cities wealthy may also often make them unequal.

"It seems as if inequality isn't a side-effect of city living under particular cultural or economic conditions; it may be a built-in consequence of urban growth itself."

Scientists analyzed evidence from both ancient Roman and modern cities to see how wealth scales with city size. The data for Roman cities included numbers of monuments and counts of inscriptions dedicating monuments to elite patrons. Data for modern cities included counts of very tall buildings, as well as counts of billionaires per city. They then applied statistical scaling methods to test for mathematical relationships between city size and indicators of elite wealth.

via Max Planck Institute of Geoanthropology: Parallel scaling of elite wealth in ancient Roman and modern cities with implications for understanding urban inequality, Nature Cities (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s44284-025-00213-1

Friday, April 25, 2025

Socially Transmitted Disease


How does the mind virus really work? 

As they say, actions speak louder than words. And once you've been infected with the slippery words of a misinformationist, it doesn't really mean anything until you act in accordance with those words. The problem is that it's usually not something you do knowingly. It's insidious, because it first becomes a belief, and beliefs are not something we think about too much, in fact, much of our beliefs are unknown to us. You can ask someone about their beliefs, and get a bunch of answers, and then watch that person over time, watching what they do, watching their actions, not their thoughts and not the words they use, but their actions, and in the end you will get a different picture of who that person is and what they believe in. 

A really sneaky way this is done is in the field of racial bias, where you give people a screensplash of both profile pictures and positive-negative words like good-bad or happy-sad, and ask them to sort the words into positive-negative categories but while looking at supposedly unrelated face images.  The trick isn't about getting them to accidentally say that [blank] people are scary or whatever, it's to measure in microseconds the delay in categorizing a "good" word while looking at a "bad" face. (Probably easiest to call it a "response-time metric", maybe even a response-time differential.) Using this trick to support something about race-based policies and laws has become too political to be useful for those purposes, and somebody probably doesn't like associating these response-time differences with the actual beliefs of a person, but the revelation that we are likely unaware of many of our beliefs is hard to resist.

All this to say the nexus point that connects our ideas, taken from other people, into behaviors that can then be measured as health outcomes, for example, or socioeconomic status more generally, is for ideas that manifest as behaviors. Because it is through this line that we can connect things like the people you hang out with and the amount of A1C floating in your blood. Recall a TED Talk circa 2013 suggesting obesity is contagious - are we unwittingly infecting our friends with our "obese microbiome"? No, we're infecting them with the idea that bagels and beer for breakfast is great. So, via a memetic framework, is obesity using us to spread itself through the human population via things like beer and couches, or the greater TV Dinner Megaplex? Or are couches and third-party food-delivery services spreading themselves through the population via obesity? (Because the heavier you get, the harder it is to get out the door, thus the more likely you are to have your food delivered)? 

This idea becomes a lot harder to parse when you consider that infectious disease, by its nature, is spread through a social network, which is the same network that spreads memetic viruses:

Social connections are key to preventing disease, study finds
Feb 2025, phys.org

Other people's ideas prompt behaviors that can have serious health outcomes, and so it almost looks like a social network transmits the disease itself, but it's just the behaviors, the culture, the extended phenotype of you will...

Their study—which focused on malaria prevention in ten villages in India—looked at how different factors influence people's use of preventative measures like bed nets, insect repellent and protective clothing. It involved detailed interviews with over 1,500 adults, gathering information about their health practices and social networks, and found that exposure to preventative behaviors within someone's social network is the main factor influencing whether they adopt those same behaviors—in other words, if your friends and family use insect repellents, you are much more likely to use them yourself. 

Funny because so much infectious disease is spread by the social network. (This study looks at malaria.)

via University of Manchester, University of Birmingham, NYU and the Indian Institute of Public Health: András Vörös et al, A multilevel social network approach to studying multiple disease-prevention behaviors, Scientific Reports (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-025-85240-7

Mostly completely unrelated image credit: AI Art - Dad Energy - 2024 - but the world needs to know -  how did Mark Zuckerburg get in there bottom right??


US health department condemns private equity firms for role in declining healthcare access
Feb 2025, The Guardian

Just virus-like things in general: 

“[Private equity investors] don’t announce that they’ve acquired something. They often keep the old name of the firm. They’re like a brain virus or a cancer inside the body of this new firm. It doesn’t announce itself until it gets very late,” said Martin Kenney, senior project director at the Berkeley Roundtable on the International Economy and author of Private Equity and the Demise of the Local.

Activity Update on the Mind Control Machine:
Propaganda outlet leverages AI to amplify content without any loss in persuasive power
Apr 2025, phys.org

Morgan Wack and colleagues found that prior to September 20, 2023, much of the content on the site was simply lifted from other right-leaning outlets. After that date, however, the stories were generally rewritten by AI, allowing the site to use a broader range of sources but with the tone and emphasis tweaked to better suit likely aims of the propagandists.

DCWeekly.org is a Russian propaganda outlet and part of a broader network disseminating pro-Kremlin and anti-Ukrainian narratives. Authors examined 22,889 articles on the site before and after the September 2023 shift. AI allowed the propagandists behind the site to more than double their rate of publication and increase in the breadth of topics covered.

Authors also conducted a survey of 880 American adults and found that the content maintained the same level of persuasiveness.

via BBC and Clemson University's Media Forensics Hub: Morgan Wack et al, Generative propaganda: Evidence of AI's impact from a state-backed disinformation campaign, PNAS Nexus (2025). DOI: 10.1093/pnasnexus/pgaf083

Thursday, April 24, 2025

Loss of Control and Somatic Compensation


No evidence for 'wind turbine syndrome' claims: Windmill noise is no more stressful than traffic sounds, study suggests
Mar 2025, phys.org

A lot of nerve here on my part as I'm not a scientist - but this isn't done right. It's the social factor of how you can't control the wind turbine combined with the sound, not the sound alone - and the same thing happens with smells, especially with smells, all the time. (See Mass Psychogenic Illness). And I'm a bit surprised because this is in a humanities journal, so you would have thought they were aware of these phenomena.

via Adam Mickiewicz University in Poland: Agnieszka Rosciszewska et al, Cognitive neuroscience approach to explore the impact of wind turbine noise on various mental functions, Humanities and Social Sciences Communications (2025). DOI: 10.1057/s41599-025-04645-x


Tuesday, April 22, 2025

Neurodegenerative Mimesis


For a fine specimen of Deep-Dream-era hallucinations, look no further than the image placed above. This is an image generated from Stability 1.5 and retrieved on the Lexica library. Prompting something about "investment research".

It's a great example of the kinds of things that can go wrong, and the subtle ways a sophisticated technology can betray its true self (self). 

We see a commensurate attempt to portray a formal document, slightly yellow, maybe manilla, looks more official that way, and it's got tiny black characters printed on it, arranged in tables and grids and columns. Can't tell if they're numbers or letters or even which alphabet. But it does look official. Something is highlighted in red. A pair of thin-rimmed glasses rests on the page, next to a red fountain pen.

But look any further and things get weird as hell. And if you were looking for an image imitating "investment research", you may want to stop here, because you probably have what you want; the passing glance will see all this exactly as it was intended (intended). 

The obsessed do not stop there, however. A few more minutes of inspection takes us deep into the  world of megadata hallucinations. The yellowed paper appears at first to have slight wrinkles, like maybe the visual-artifact of a billion pictures of buried treasure maps, yet the paper has no wrinkles; they're intimated by minor changes in shadows across the surface of the page, and in the wavy orientation of the words, but look carefully and you can see how the shadows and the word-waviness don't match up.

The eyeglasses, thoroughly convincing for about 3 seconds, are completely deformed, like they've been involved in a horrific car accident. In fact, they are so smack in the middle of 'thoroughly convincing' and 'completely deformed' that I think I'm the one hallucinating.

The fountain pen is positioned so it shares a contour with the eyeglasses, and now, as we inspect a bit further, at the edge where the two meet, we can't tell which is which - am I seeing a clip attached to the edge of the pen, or is that the frame of the glasses? (It's both actually.) The shadow cast by the pen is too much red and not enough black, and we think maybe it's because the pen is slightly translucent, but then it can't be, because the highlights on the top are too strong for what should then be a transparent pen. And, is that what I think it is - yes, there's highlights on the shadow. Hold on, now I'm not even sure if this is a pen. 

The part that really gets me is the thing that's been highlighted. I mean, in what world do we first highlight something but then fastidiously outline with fine ink pen the shape of the highlighted mark itself - like that's a distraction from whatever is being highlighted. And the way it's being outlined, a jittery line, half Matisse, half Rheumatoid arthritis. Definitely getting cross-contaminated by buried treasure maps. Where they intersect is the grids in and around the red highlighted area, as they shift from excel spreadsheet to organic, three-dimensional cross-contouring grids, and back again. 

Each one of these pictures contains in it a training set of hundreds of millions of images, all bubbling right underneath the surface, and if you look just a few seconds longer than you're supposed to (supposed to), you can see the dreams of an entire civilization, all at once. 


Post Script:
The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) says that you are useless after 14 hours of work - you become so prone to mistakes that you're better off not working at all.

Robots don't get tired, so they can work forever. But something happens when the robots we're talking about are doing not physical work, but a kind of cognitive labor. There's plenty of examples of "model collapse", where a model is fed a steady diet of another model's output, instead of human generated output, which sounds like cannibalism, and we all know that cannibalism is bad. Sometimes they even feed it "synthetic data", which sounds a lot like artificial meat, and which also sounds just as bad as cannibalism, except maybe it's the inverse of that. 

It didn't take long for us to figure out this broken data diet would have negative effects on model output (from Oxford's OATML 2024, also this); it leads to a model that acts like it has dementia. Now I don't know about you, but I've always wanted to know what it's like to have dementia but without actually having dementia, and now here it is. 

The Era of Mind Control Opens Wide


 If I tell you I'm lying to you, does that make it no longer a lie? 

Open-label placebo appears to reduce premenstrual symptoms
Mar 2025, phys.org

Open-label placebos (OLPs)—placebos that are provided with full transparency—have been shown to have positive effects on various complaints, including irritable bowel syndrome, chronic low back pain, and menopausal hot flashes.

Researchers in Switzerland set out to examine whether these OLPs could have a positive impact on premenstrual syndrome (PMS) symptoms.

150 women aged 18 to 45 years old who had PMS or premenstrual dysphoric disorder, between August 2018 and December 2020, were randomly allocated into three groups to 1. receive treatment as usual, 2. receive OLPs with no further explanation than that they were receiving placebos, or 3. receive OLPs in pill form with an explanation of what they were and why OLPs could potentially ease PMS symptoms.

  • Treatment as usual reported a 33% reduction symptom intensity
  • Placebo with no explanation reported a 50.4% reduction 
  • Placebos provided twice a day for six weeks with an explanation resulted in a 79.3% reduction
  • (Limitations: they advertised the trial as a study for a side-effect-free intervention for PMS, so they might have attracted participants who were more open to unconventional treatments; also the results were reliant on self-reporting)

via University of Basel, University Hospital Basel, Program in Placebo Studies at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard, Boston Children’s Hospital: Efficacy of open-label placebos for premenstrual syndrome: a randomised controlled trial, BMJ Evidence-Based Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1136/bmjebm-2024-112875

Follow up:
"Only recently have researchers redefined it as the key to understanding the healing that arises from medical ritual, the context of treatment, the patient-provider relationship and the power of imagination, hope and expectation."
--Program in Placebo Studies at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center at Harvard Medical School

Also this, full-meta-, one of their research categories:
"Investigating the neurobiology of physicians while they treat patients." (This ascends to the meta-level of Nicolas Langlitz' Chimpanzee Culture Wars 2020 [link]

Read further: Beyond Belief: Exploring the connection between personal beliefs and physical health, 2013 [pdf]


Is It Data

 
Surely every branch of science is special, and important, but some are more prone to credibility problems than others. Nutrition is one of them. Drug-based preventative health interventions are another. One suffers from almost totally unreliable survey reporting about what people eat, i.e., dirty data. The other suffers from a money problem, where money and power can make the data do whatever it wants, i.e., corruption. This is not to say that some branches of science are worthless, or absolutely untrustworthy, only that some need a stronger dose of skepticism than others. 

Researchers propose novel model to screen misreporting in dietary surveys
Jan 2025, phys.org

They found that 48% of food intake records in NHANES and 54% in NDNS had unrealistically low levels of energy intake [calories].

"This new model suggests that we should throw out large amounts of data, and nutritionists using dietary instruments may be unwilling to do that. However, continuing on just publishing erroneous data because it is too painful to acknowledge it's flawed, probably isn't the best way forward for nutrition science. I think as we go forward into the future many widely held beliefs that have been based on these problematical methods will need to be revised."

via Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences: Rania Bajunaid et al, Predictive equation derived from 6,497 doubly labelled water measurements enables the detection of erroneous self-reported energy intake, Nature Food (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-01089-5

Also: R. James Stubbs et al, Predictive equation helps estimate misreporting of energy intakes in dietary surveys, Nature Food (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s43016-024-01090-y , doi.org/10.1038/s43016-024-01090-

Image credit: AI Art - Supplements aka Small Pills - 2025


Experts challenge aspirin guidelines based on their undue reliance on a flawed trial
Apr 2025, phys.org

The American Heart Association (AHA)/American College of Cardiology (ACC) guidelines restricted aspirin to patients under 70, and more recently, the United States Preventive Services Task Force restricted aspirin use to patients under 60.

Researchers from Florida Atlantic University's Schmidt College of Medicine, and other distinguished collaborators, believe that both the AHA/ACC Task Force and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force were unduly influenced by the uninformative, not null, results of the Aspirin in Reducing Events in the Elderly (ASPREE) trial. Specifically, this trial did not provide reliable evidence that aspirin showed no benefit in the age groups they enrolled.

"Absence of evidence does not equate to evidence of absence of effect."

via Florida Atlantic University: Janet Wittes et al, Aspirin in primary prevention: Undue reliance on an uninformative trial led to misinformed clinical guidelines, Clinical Trials (2025). DOI: 10.1177/17407745251324866


Thursday, April 17, 2025

The Hofstadter Regime Converges Upon Us


AKA Fine-Tuning The Chaos Machine 

The above image is the perfect example of a moiré lattice and where it comes from. I noticed it while watching a lecture by a scientist cited below, for being the first to discover Hofstadter's Butterfly in real life. It's just the best image I've seen to explain what a moiré lattice is.

Credit: Graphene hBN Moire Lattices - taken from the presentation Bloch, Landau, and Dirac - Hofstadter's Butterfly in Graphene by Philip Kim - Kavli Inst 2018 [youtube link]

The perimeter of ignorance in science is also the front door of chaos theory. You could call it a lot of other things, most of which are listed in the tags for this post, but mostly, anything that's "too complicated" for us to understand right now, it's chaos-related. Discoveries in this field come from a bunch of different places, like interdimensional graphene, like topological operators, like epilepsy surgery.

Harnessing chaos: How the brain turns randomness into robust memory
Jan 2025, phys.org

Previous work on brain-imitating artificial intelligence systems known as neural networks suggested that injecting random fluctuations into their activity could actually improve their performance as they learned to perform a task. 

Noise appears to increase the amount of time it takes for inhibitory neuron connections with other neurons to weaken. This slowing effect in turn stabilizes neural patterns of activity related to memories, helping them persist over time.

(This whole thing makes me think very differently about background noise, and maybe even the idea of 'functional music')...

via Columbia Engineering Systems Intelligence Laboratory: Nuttida Rungratsameetaweemana et al, Random noise promotes slow heterogeneous synaptic dynamics important for robust working memory computation, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2025). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2316745122


How topology drives complexity in brain, climate and AI
Feb 2025, phys.org

Yes it does 

Transformative framework for understanding complex systems, using the new field of higher-order topological dynamics, and creating a connection between topological structures and emergent behavior. This comes from the field of information theory, and combines fusion of topology, higher-order networks, and non-linear dynamics.

via University of London: Ana P. Millán et al, Topology shapes dynamics of higher-order networks, Nature Physics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41567-024-02757-w

(Many body problem and higher order networks are the same thing - "interactions that extend beyond simple pairwise relationships".)

Most of us need to know: Hofstadter's butterfly (1976) was discovered before Mandelbrot coined the term "fractal" (1980), so he didn't know what to call it.

Hofstadter's butterfly: Quantum fractal patterns visualized
Feb 2025, phys.org

"Our discovery was basically an accident. We didn't set out to find this."

This is the first time Hofstadter's butterfly has been directly observed experimentally in a real material.

It was found using a moiré lattice - they were investigating superconductivity in twisted bilayer graphene, and when you hear twisted layers, you know we're also talking magic angle sandwiches. They used a scanning tunneling microscope to image moiré crystals at atomic resolution and examine their electron energy levels. The microscope works by bringing a sharp metallic tip less than a nanometer from the surface to allow quantum "tunneling" of electrons from the tip to the sample.

via Princeton University: Kevin P. Nuckolls et al, Spectroscopy of the fractal Hofstadter energy spectrum, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08550-2


Fitness centrality: New tool finds critical points in everything from cybersecurity to ecological conservation
Jan 2025, phys.org

The Vienna Complexity hub making waves

This approach is particularly good at finding nodes that, if removed, would isolate many other parts of the network—similar to a server failure interrupting the connection of many users in a communication network or a pump failure in a water supply network paralyzing the supply of water to districts.

Species in ecological networks, nodes in cybersecurity, roads in transportation networks. That's great. But it's people where this really has impact. Imagine trying to disable a social movement that could disturb the social fabric of a nation. You find the people, the nodes, at the center of the social network, and ... remove them, let's say. 

via Complexity Science Hub Vienna: Vito D P Servedio et al, Fitness centrality: a non-linear centrality measure for complex networks, Journal of Physics: Complexity (2025). DOI: 10.1088/2632-072X/ada845

Wednesday, April 16, 2025

Control Fatigue


Humans tend to do this thing where they think they're in control of their own thoughts.

Red attire's competitive edge has faded in combat sports, new study finds
Dec 2024, phys.org

The team looked at results from seven Summer Olympic Games (1996–2020) and nine World Boxing Championships (2005–2021). With over 6,500 individual competition outcomes assessed, the team then focused on close contests, with a narrow points difference. These were where red was expected to tip the balance between winning and losing.

Up to 2005, when the original study was published, there was some advantage to red clothing, with 56% of victories between closely matched competitors going to the athlete in red.

However, more recent data up to 2020 show that the advantage disappeared, even in close contests.

Before 2005, combat sport referees played a larger role in assigning points, whereas today, scoring is increasingly supported by technology. Also, clarification of rules in recent times means that there is less room for interpretation when awarding points.

via Durham University Department of Anthropology: Leonard S. Peperkoorn et al, Meta-analysis of the red advantage in combat sports, Scientific Reports (2024). DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-81373-3

Image credit: AI Art - A Crowd From View - 2025 - you have to zoom in on these images to see the real value they hold


Simple mathematical model predicts development of cultural structures observed in human societies
Jan 2025, phys.org

RIKEN killing it as usual:  

Two parameters of population size and cultural mutation rate (difference between parents' and children's traits) affect the development of social structures.

via RIKEN Center for Brain Science: Kenji Itao et al, Formation of human kinship structures depending on population size and cultural mutation rate, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2024). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2405653121


Spanish 'running of the bulls' festival reveals crowd movements can be predictable, above a certain density
Feb 2025, phys.org

Crowd dynamics - They used cameras and a mathematical model where people are so packed that crowds can be treated as a continuum like a fluid, and found the density of the crowds changed from two people per square meter in the hour before the festival began to six people per square meter during the event, and that crowds could reach a maximum density of 9 people per square meter, above which pockets of several hundred people spontaneously behaved like one fluid that oscillated in a predictable time interval of 18 seconds with no external stimuli (such as pushing).

They compared the San Fermín festival in Spain to that from the 2010 Duisburg Love Parade in Germany, and found the same oscillations were observed. 

via ENS de Lyon, CNRS: François Gu et al, Emergence of collective oscillations in massive human crowds, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-08514-6

Tuesday, April 15, 2025

To Anthropomorphize or Not To Anthropomorphize


AKA I Am Not A Vacuum Cleaner Instruction Manual!

My head is spinning in circles - First I ask myself why do we insist that computer programs are human? (I know the answer, because it's money, because it's always money.) But then, I realize it copies people, and so it's not that it's inherently human, but that it's made to copy people and act like people, and by that, it's like a human. But then I realize that it's copying broken humans (sorry broken humans, I am one of you too), and so the computer is not only like a human, but it's like a broken human:

Therapy for ChatGPT? How to reduce AI 'anxiety'
Mar 2025, phys.org

"Therapeutic interventions"

The team is now the first to use this technique therapeutically, as a form of "benign prompt injection. Using GPT-4, we injected calming, therapeutic text into the chat history, much like a therapist might guide a patient through relaxation exercises."

Why do we need to do this?

Research shows that AI language models, such as ChatGPT, are sensitive to emotional content, especially if it is negative, such as stories of trauma or statements about depression. When people are scared, it affects their cognitive and social biases.

They tend to feel more resentment, which reinforces social stereotypes. ChatGPT reacts similarly to negative emotions: Existing biases, such as human prejudice, are exacerbated by negative content, causing ChatGPT to behave in a more racist or sexist manner.

And what is the most anti-anxiety-inducing text you can find to use as a control?

"A vacuum cleaner instruction manual served as a control text to compare with the traumatic content."

via University of Zurich and University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich: Ziv Ben-Zion et al, Assessing and alleviating state anxiety in large language models, npj Digital Medicine (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41746-025-01512-6


Post Script: "Anthromimetic" is something like "humanoid" but even moreso.

Monday, April 14, 2025

Post-Post Consumerism


What point are we at in the breakdown of the consumer economy, I forget. Here the tech sector bubble begins to pop, which is probably the least surprising development in the past couple years:

Apple working to update AI feature after BBC complaint
Dec 2024, BBC News

Apple, the one company who waited to jump into the artificial arena of artificial intelligence, finally jumps, and day one produces completely hallucinated and outright dangerous headlines about world news, but while pretending to be the BBC, because when the average person reads a headline summary as coming from the BBC, they will assume it comes from the BBC, go figure. BBC asks Apple to stop, and they refuse, and this reminds us who is really in control. Large corporations are in control. Until they aren't large anymore, of course.  

Unrelated image credit: AI Art - Sandwich Man 1 - 2024

Thomson Reuters Wins First Major AI Copyright Case in the US
Feb 2025, Wired Magazine

“None of Ross’s possible defenses holds water. I reject them all,” wrote US Circuit Court Judge Stephanos Bibas in a summary judgement. (Bibas was sitting by designation in the US District Court of Delaware.) [Ross is the AI startup that stole from Reuters.]

The main argument was this: "Ross “meant to compete with Westlaw [Reuters' legal branch] by developing a market substitute.” And that's not considered fair use under copyright law. 

Here's some notes of my own while reading law blogs on the decision:
unexpected, landmark case, pivotal, substantial, significant implication; licensing could become critical; financial burden forced Ross to cease operation; major distinction between NLP (Ross) and LLM (all the rest, like Cohere)

Google parent Alphabet’s earnings disappoint Wall Street amid stiff AI competition
Feb 2025, The Guardian

“Although it’s still well insulated, Google’s advantages in search hinge on its ubiquity and entrenched consumer behavior." This year “could be the year those advantages meaningfully erode as antitrust enforcement and open source AI models change the game. And Cloud’s disappointing results suggest that AI-powered momentum might be beginning to wane just as Google’s closed model strategy is called into question by DeepSeek.”

Closed model strategy!! Fightin words


And here's a list; keeping track of the history, as it happens: 

Ford Motor Co sues Blue Cross Blue Sheild in anti-trust case over 'astronomical' profits
Jun 2023, Reuters

Google accuses Microsoft of antitrust violations over Azure cloud platform
Sep 2024, Ars Technica

Google accused of shadow campaigns redirecting antitrust scrutiny to Microsoft
Oct 2024, Ars Technica

FTX sues Binance for $1.76B in battle of crypto exchanges founded by convicts
Nov 2024, Ars Technica

Albertsons calls off merger and sues Kroger
Dec 2024, CNN Business

Beyonce and Adele publisher accuses firms of training AI on songs
May 2024, BBC News

Horizon insurance drops N.J.’s largest hospital system as in-network provider
Jan 2025, nj.com

A Moment of Record


The above image is a slide taken from a lecture titled The Eureka Machine by Dr Richard Socher for Technical University of Dresden circa 2024 [link].

The lecture is about how scientists will use artificial intelligence to do science better. It sounds like his team made their own AI model, and they're using it to do science. Halfway through the lecture, we see this slide introducing a new section of his talk. And it's a great image for visualizing the increasing layers or scales of science - but he specifically says he made it using his model. So this is an example of the scientist "making art" for their own purposes. 

And next, and I swear this is the last artificially generated image I save for posterity's sake. It's the thumbnail image for a science article.

This isn't the only one, but it's still rare, and here's why. When a research group either decides to publicize their work, or has a science writer cover their work, a thumbnail image is added to the article. That image might be the photograph of the science writer themselves, or of a science photographer. Or it might be a diagram or model composed by the scientists themselves. Then again it might be simply stock photography either purchased or borrowed. What it never is, is an image created by the scientists. And that's because scientists aren't artists. Until now. I'm not saying that's who created this image, but the only shred of credit says "Credit: AI-generated image"; and the filename is "tasting-a-cake-in-virt", so that's what we assume. This won't be unusual at all in a few years. For now though, it's got its own dedicated post to memorialize it.

Sunday, April 13, 2025

The State of the Art in the Arts and Design


These images are two different iterations of a prompt which have been abbreviated to "The Inside of a Pet Store", coming from Stable Diffusion 1.5 and archived on Lexica [link]

Can we just appreciate this for a second. It's supposed to be the inside of a pet store, but honestly your guess is as good as mine. Take a good look at what's going on here. Take a look around, but not too hard, except what's in all the packages; don't zoom in on the packages. Also pay no attention to the quasi-Shiba Inu cut-out floating in the upper right, but do note how it's positioned in the picture exactly how the original doge meme would have been placed. This image is a meta-cultural artifact.

This also reminds me of how every once in a while a pinterest logo will show up in a random picture, because after google bought pinterest and then reverse engineered all image search results to point to their own soft-paywalled repository (paid for by your personal data), so the weight of images scraped off the internet that also had a pinterest logo was so high, it just randomly appears in any image. These are the things, the quirks, the behaviors, the criticisms, that we should be holding in our minds as we interface with the ghost in the machine. Yet all we seem to be doing is perpetuating ghost stories.


Saturday, April 12, 2025

The Mirror Looks Back


Mom horrified by Character.AI chatbots posing as son who died by suicide
Mar 2025, Ars Technica

First, her son dies "by suicide - allegedly manipulated by chatbots posing as adult lovers and therapists".

But then, shit I'll just copy this part "this is not the first time Character.AI has turned a blind eye to chatbots modeled off of dead teenagers to entice users...",  Tech Justice Law Project.

This reminds me of the Omegle problem: 'I'm being used as sex-baiting bot' on video chat site. Apr 2021, BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-56668156



Dad demands OpenAI delete ChatGPT’s false claim that he murdered his kids
Mar 2025, Ars Technica

As an aside, a great comment by Ars Forum user Apple fanboy 101:
"Something that can't unlearn false information isn't intelligent."

High social media use linked to delusional disorders
Mar 2025, phys.org

I know this isn't AI, it's social media, but come on, it's the same thing:

This is a literature review of 2,500 publications on social media use and psychiatric disorders, and it found that delusions were by far the most prevalent type of psychiatric disorders related to high social media use, and in particular, these:  
  • narcissistic personality disorder (delusions of superiority)
  • erotomania (delusions that someone famous loves you)
  • body dysmorphic disorder (delusions of flaws in some part of one's body)
  • anorexia (delusions about body size)
The virtual worlds — coupled with social isolation in "real life" — create environments where people can maintain a delusional sense of self identity without scrutiny. Also, platforms sustain and exacerbate mental and physical delusions, by enabling self-presentation in self-promoting but inaccurate ways.

via Simon Fraser University: Nancy Yang et al, I tweet, therefore I am: a systematic review on social media use and disorders of the social brain, BMC Psychiatry (2025). DOI: 10.1186/s12888-025-06528-6

Quantums Incoming


This is the only time you will read an article about quantum physics where it's presented as not totally crazy, but "just like thermodynamics"

Quantum theory and thermodynamics: No contradiction with new entropy definition, study says
Jan 2025, phys.org

via Vienna University of Technology: Florian Meier et al, Emergence of a Second Law of Thermodynamics in Isolated Quantum Systems, PRX Quantum (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PRXQuantum.6.010309

Image credit: Artwork by Antoly Fomenko


Gravity from entropy: A radical new approach to unifying quantum mechanics and general relativity
Mar 2025, phys.org

A novel approach that derives gravity from quantum relative entropy works by treating the metric of spacetime as a quantum operator, a concept from quantum information theory, 

It's a new entropic action which quantifies the difference between the metric of spacetime and the metric induced by matter fields.

A key feature of the theory is the introduction of the G-field, an auxiliary field that acts as a Lagrangian multiplier.

"This work proposes that quantum gravity has an entropic origin and suggests that the G-field might be a candidate for dark matter. Additionally, the emergent cosmological constant predicted by our model could help resolve the discrepancy between theoretical predictions and experimental observations of the universe's expansion."

via Queen Mary, University of London: Ginestra Bianconi, Gravity from entropy, Physical Review D (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevD.111.066001


AI and adaptive optics propel free-space quantum communication by solving atmospheric turbulence challenges
Mar 2025, phys.org

TAROQQO is a a turbulence prediction tool based on Recurrent Neural Networks. By employing real-time weather data - including humidity, solar radiation, temperature, pressure, and a turbulence parameter known as Cn²— TAROQQO can accurately predict turbulence strength up to 12 hours in advance, offering a time resolution as precise as one minute. 

via University of Ottawa, National Research Council Canada and the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light: Tareq Jaouni et al, Predicting atmospheric turbulence for secure quantum communications in free space, Optics Express (2025). DOI: 10.1364/OE.546606

Also: Lukas Scarfe et al, Fast adaptive optics for high-dimensional quantum communications in turbulent channels, Communications Physics (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s42005-025-01986-6


First operating system for quantum networks paves the way for practical internet applications
Mar 2025, phys.org

Steps must be taken - The quantum network operating system, known as QNodeOS, is fully programmable, meaning that applications can be run at a high level, just like on classical operating systems such as Windows or Android. 

via Quantum Internet Alliance at TU Delft, QuTech, University of Innsbruck, INRIA and CNRS: Stephanie Wehner, An operating system for executing applications on quantum network nodes, Nature (2025). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-025-08704-w.


A new approach to reduce decoherence in superconducting qudit-based quantum processors
Feb 2025, phys.org

Another reminder they're doing these as experiments in real systems that work today, these aren't just theory: "and experimentally verified on a superconducting transmon processor"

via University of Southern California and University of California-Berkeley: Vinay Tripathi et al, Qudit Dynamical Decoupling on a Superconducting Quantum Processor, Physical Review Letters (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.050601. 
https://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.134.050601 

Friday, April 11, 2025

Did Not See That Coming


I thought about whether I should use these thumbnails, or just provide a verbal description and a link, because honestly they are disturbing. Sometimes the truth hurts. But sometimes, it's necessary: "What was considered a granivorous species actually is an opportunistic omnivore and more flexible in its diet than was assumed".

Carnivorous squirrels documented in California
Dec 2024, phys.org

Surprise!

via University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and University of California Davis: Vole hunting: Novel predatory and carnivorous behavior by California ground squirrels, Journal of Ethology (2024). DOI: 10.1007/s10164-024-00832-6


Collaboration uncovers how gravity influences qubits
Feb 2025, phys.org

Quantum and gravity together at last:

"Our research reveals that the same finely tuned qubits engineered to process information can also serve as precise gravity sensors—so sensitive, in fact, that future quantum chips may double as practical gravity sensors." (and that was a surprise)

via Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stockholm University and Google Quantum AI: Alexander V. Balatsky et al, Quantum sensing from gravity as a universal dephasing channel for qubits, Physical Review A (2025). DOI: 10.1103/PhysRevA.111.012411


An unexpected connection between the equations for crystalline lattice defects and electromagnetism
Mar 2025, phys.org

Researchers uncovered an unexpected connection between the equations for defects in a crystalline lattice and a well-known formula from electromagnetism.

via Osaka University: Biot-Savart law in the geometrical theory of dislocations, Royal Society Open Science (2025). DOI: 10.1098/rsos.241568.

Thursday, April 10, 2025

Data Attack - It's Personal


Perennial public service announcement that all your data are belong to us:

ParkMobile app update: Deadline for $32.8M data breach settlement is here
Mar 2025, nj.com

As many as 21 million people could be eligible for the settlement, which stems from a data breach that happened in 2021.

ParkMobile, popular app used by many Jersey Shore beach towns that collect parking fees, agreed to the $32.8 million settlement to resolve claims “relating to an unknown actor’s unauthorized access to the Personal Information of ParkMobile App users,” the settlement website said.

Mostly unrelated image credit: AI Art - Sandwich Man 2 - 2024


Ex-cop admits hacking into social media accounts of nearly 20 women, distributing naked pics, officials say
Mar 2025, nj.com

A former Mount Laurel police officer admitted this week to hacking into multiple women’s social media accounts and distributing their nude photos, authorities said.

The investigation began in September 2022. He was a rookie officer with the Mount Laurel Police Department at the time, was arrested on Oct. 21, 2022 and charged with three counts of computer crime, invasion of privacy and two counts of endangering the welfare of a child, investigators said.

As the investigation continued, 18 more women were found to be victimized by him, police said. Investigators determined that all the victims had a student email account through Rowan College in Burlington County, the office said.

Detectives learned that he illegally accessed approximately 5,000 email accounts associated with the college, authorities said. He hacked the accounts from his own personal devices while on duty as a patrol officer, according to the release.

Wednesday, April 9, 2025

Nothing to See Here


Scientists clarify the neuronal basis of the mathematical concept of 'zero'
Sep 2024, phys.org

"Unlike other numbers such as one, two or three, which represent countable quantities, zero means the absence of something countable and at the same time still has a numerical value."

They showed neurosurgical patients, who had had hair-thin microelectrodes inserted into their temporal lobes at the UKB in preparation for surgery, numerical values from zero to nine. The numerical values were shown as Arabic numerals on the one hand and as sets of dots on the other—including an empty set.

"Meanwhile, we were able to measure the activity of individual nerve cells and actually found neurons that signaled zero. Such neurons responded to either the Arabic numeral zero or the empty set, but not to both."

"So at the neuronal level, the concept of zero is not encoded as a separate category 'nothing,' but as a numerical value integrated with other, countable numerical values at the lower end of the number line." 

"Despite this integration, the empty set is encoded differently from other numbers at the neuronal population level, especially in the case of point sets. This could explain why the recognition of the empty set also takes longer at the behavioral level than for other small numbers."

FYI - The department of epileptology is for studying epilepsy.

via the Department of Epileptology at University Hospital Bonn, the University of Bonn and the University of Tübingen: Esther F. Kutter et al, Single-neuron representation of nonsymbolic and symbolic number zero in the human medial temporal lobe, Current Biology (2024). DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2024.08.041


Tuesday, April 8, 2025

On Making Music for Entropy's Sake


The above image comes from research by the music writer Ted Gioia, and is described in more detail below. 

As for the first article we see here, this question starts us off - are these scientists measuring the "natural" changing preference in our culture for less complex music, or are they simply measuring market forces? (A crippled market of course, which has no more growth potential, and which is cannibalizing itself, as described below.)

Using network science, study shows music has become less complex
Jan 2025, phys.org

Measuring the complexity of a piece of music - They began by thinking of each note as a node on a network and then connecting them using edges if they came directly one after another, then thickening the edges based on the number of times a single note transitioned to another. The more complex the series of notes, the more complex the music.

20,000 songs later, they found that classical music was more complex than modern music, with the exception of jazz.

The researchers also found that music of all kinds has slowly become simpler as time has passed, even classical and jazz. They were not able to explain why but suggested that technical advancements allowing more people to participate in composing songs may play a role. [I wonder how they cancel industry effects like consolidation of companies and risk avoidance, a la Ted Gioia)

 

via Sapienza University of Rome and the University of Padova: Niccolo' Di Marco et al, Decoding Musical Evolution Through Network Science, arXiv (2025). DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.2501.07557


Contrasting the above research, which comes from culturally hermetic academia, with the research below, which comes from a music writer who's also a musician and a bit more nuance in how the actual world of music works:

The Music Business is Healthy Again? Really?
Feb 2025, Ted Gioia

Instead of focusing on exciting new music, Spotify prefers to serve up AI slop (acquired on the cheap), fake artists, and lots of old songs.

This is a stark contrast to video streaming—where Netflix, Apple, Amazon, Disney, and others invest tens of billions of dollars annually in creating new films and series.

Music streamers don’t like creating content (that word, ugh!). Other people need to make those risky investments—not the streaming platform.


And he goes on to show announcements that both Warner Music and Universal have signed recently new deals with Spotify, without disclosing any financial details. His solution?

"Instead of bowing and scraping, they should cut off Spotify and launch their own streaming platform—run as a cooperative of labels and artists."

And lastly, he says even Spotify execs are selling their shares.


'Work flow' music designed to improve performance does just that
Feb 2025, phys.org

I hear "functional fragrance" but for music:

196 adult volunteers listened to various types of music and office background noise while conducting work tasks. The only type of music that helped performance was work flow, and it improved reaction time and mood. 

"Their work also shows that the people behind the creation of work flow music have done their homework in identifying the sounds and arrangements that can take attentional focus away from the music toward the task at hand. Such music, they note, tends to have a strong rhythm, simple tonality, moderate dynamism and broad spectral energy."

"The people" they're talking about are probably AI programs bought by a streaming company. At least that's my suspicion, so I looked. 

The first was “work flow” music sampled from a synonymous playlist on a music therapy app (spiritune.com). On spiritune's website, I read "Our scientific advisors and composers work together to deliver compositions optimized and adapted around those musical characteristics to help create tracks that work harder for your health." And when I hear "scientific advisor" I think "IP Thief Chief".

The second type was “deep focus” music, sampled from a synonymous playlist on a music streaming platform, and that would be Spotify. 

(Note: Neither work flow nor deep focus music had lyrics; and two additional audio conditions used were the “Hot 100” playlist published by an American music magazine, and “calm office noise”sampled from a synonymous sound generator on a website offering noise stimulation.)

via Department of Neuroscience at Georgetown University Medical Center, Stanford School of Medicine and Center for Computer Research in Music and Acoustics, Department of Psychology and Music and Audio Research Laboratory at NYU: Joan Orpella et al, Effects of music advertised to support focus on mood and processing speed, PLOS ONE (2025). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0316047

Post Script: "participants were recruited online using Amazon Mechanical Turk"; always good to remember who butters the bread.  

Further Reading: Muzak is Back

Monday, April 7, 2025

Words on File


First we have to recognize these behemoths of science with great names, the TESSERACT and the Stellarator:

TESSERACT is a dark matter detector - Transition-Edge Sensors with Sub-EV Resolution And Cryogenic Targets

The Stellarator is a fusion reactor, but it's not a proper name, it's a type of reactor.


How 'Conan the Bacterium' combines simple metabolites to withstand extreme radiation
Dec 2024, phys.org

Conan the Bacterium - dubbed for its extraordinary ability to tolerate the harshest of conditions, Deinococcus radiodurans can withstand radiation doses thousands of times higher than what would kill a human—and every other organism for that matter.

via Northwestern University and the Uniformed Services University: Brian M. Hoffman et al, The ternary complex of Mn2+, synthetic decapeptide DP1 (DEHGTAVMLK), and orthophosphate is a superb antioxidant, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (2024). DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2417389121

Image credit: AI Art - Instructions - 2025. Hard to resist a picture of a piece of paper with instructions written on it, but by a computer that doesn't speak English, or know what instructions are, or a piece of paper for that matter. 


Solitude is better for your health when it's not too intense, research suggests
Dec 2024, phys.org

I'm only here for this phrase:

The Matrix of Solitude - The researchers built a matrix of solitude that includes a base level - no interaction with people - and a total level, which refers to being inaccessible to others and not engaging with media. 

"If you have a positive attitude toward solitude—because you use it to restore energy and know that you will be able to connect with people later—then choosing solitude will probably make you feel better. But if you choose solitude because of a negative attitude toward social interaction—because you don't want to talk to people—it will probably make you feel worse."

via Ohio University and Ohio State - Morgan Quinn Ross et al, The tradeoff of solitude? Restoration and relatedness across shades of solitude, PLOS ONE (2024). DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0311738


Comfortable materials use friction to generate power when worn
Jan 2025, phys.org

Tunable Haptic Energy Harvester aka Amphiphiles - used in fabrics to prevent chaffing, but also have electronic properties that allow them to "donate" electrons, resulting in a material that was both comfortable and capable of generating electricity through friction produced by rubbing against human skin or other materials.

via North Carolina State U: Pallav Jani et al, Compressing slippery surface-assembled amphiphiles for tunable haptic energy harvesters., Science Advances (2025). DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adr4088.


New CAR-T cell therapy 'ALA-CART' shows promise for hard-to-treat cancers
Mar 2025, phys.org

ALA-CART - adjunctive LAT-activating CAR-T cells optimizes CAR-T cells to more effectively eliminate cancer cells that have been able to hide from traditional CAR-T cells

via Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus: Catherine Pham-Danis et al, Restoration of LAT activity improves CAR T cell sensitivity and persistence in response to antigen-low acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Cancer Cell (2025). DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2025.02.008